The ability to represent knowledge at the category level promotes the transfer of learning. How this ability integrates with basic forms of conditioned learning is unknown but could explain why conditioned fear is overgeneralized after aversive experiences. We examined the impact of stimulus typicality--an important determinant of category-based induction--on fear learning and generalization. T...

This study aims to explain the types and factors that cause errors in use of adjectives "yange" "yanli" class XI students SMA Sutomo 2 Medan. Researchers used a qualitative descriptive research design with 30 as subjects. The data collection technique was an elicitation answer first problem formulation regarding interview techniques second formulation, namely errors. results showed there were 3...

This paper investigates possible attrition/change in the gender system of Norwegian heritage language spoken in America. Based on data from 50 speakers in the Corpus of American Norwegian Speech (CANS), we show that the three-gender system is to some extent retained, although considerable overgeneralization of the masculine (the most frequent gender) is attested. This affects both feminine and ...

Linguists often assume that possible worlds and times are represented as pronouns in natural language (see Cresswell 1990, Percus 2000, Kusumoto 2005, Keshet 2008). This paper will construe such pronouns as world-time pairs, which will be referred to as situations, for simplicity. A predicate taking such a pair as an argument is evaluated in the world and the time specified by that situation, e...

We introduce the Lenient Multiagent Reinforcement Learning 2 (LMRL2) algorithm for independent-learner stochastic cooperative games. LMRL2 is designed to overcome a pathology called relative overgeneralization, and to do so while still performing well in games with stochastic transitions, stochastic rewards, and miscoordination. We discuss the existing literature, then compare LMRL2 against oth...

Four questions were addressed concerning perceptions of babyfaced individuals from infancy to older adulthood: (a) Do perceivers make reliable babyface judgments at each age; (b) does a babyface have the same effects on trait impressions at each age; (c) are the effects of a babyface independent of the effects of attractiveness; and (d) what facial maturity features are associated with babyface...

Utilitarian and economic theories of deterrence hold that the relation of the penalty to the misdeed should be irrelevant. In five experiments using hypothetical cases, judgments of penalties depended on whether this relation was in-kind (IK) or out-of-kind (OK). When victims were identifiable, IK penalties were higher than OK and preferred to OK. Subjects seemed to confuse penalties and compen...

Entries in biomolecular databases are often annotated with concepts from different ontologies and thereby establish links between pairs of concepts. Such links may reveal meaningful relationships between linked concepts, however they could as well relate concepts by chance. In this work we present InterOnto, a methodology that allows us to rank concept pairs to identify the most meaningful asso...

Young children learning English are biased to attend to the shape of solid rigid objects when learning novel names. This study seeks further understanding of the processes that support this behavior by examining a previous finding that three-year-old children are also biased to generalize novel names for objects made from deformable materials by shape, even after the materials are made salient....

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) aged 11-13 (N = 16) and an IQ-matched typically developing (TD) group aged 7-12 (N = 16) completed a graded grammaticality judgment task, as well as a standardized test of cognitive function. In a departure from previous studies, the judgment task involved verb argument structure overgeneralization errors (e.g., *Lisa fell the cup off the shelf) of t...