Studies of the electropolishing of copper are reviewed. Recent work intended to demonstrate the electrochemical planarization of the overburden in electroplated copper interconnect metallization is emphasized. Furthermore, two common reaction mechanisms invoked to explain the mass-transfer limitation required to achieve electropolishing are outlined and discussed within the context of anodic le...

Muon radiography is an innovative and non-destructive technique for internal density structure imaging, based on measuring the attenuation of cosmic-ray muons after they penetrate target. Due to strong penetration ability muons, detection range muon can reach order hundreds meters or even kilometers. Using a portable detector composed plastic scintillators silicon photomultipliers, we performed...

Due to the deficiency of areas for dump facilities, mining enterprises form dumps a large height, or locate them in places unfavorable from stability point view. In this regard, cases landslides have become more frequent. Herein there are examples actual deformations, causes their occurrence, as well preventive measures. Experience field surveying observations and analysis landslide confirm tha...

With increases in the mining depth and area Ordos coal field, failure law of super thick sandstone Zhidan group leads to frequent disasters, such as rock bursts mine earthquakes, which have become a significant issue, restricting large-scale continuous mining. To adequately understand movement mechanism super-thick weakly cemented overburden, promote resources under it, this study analyzes phys...

Thermal conductivity κ(T ) and thermoelectric power S(T ) studies on (Y,Gd)Ba2(Cu1−xMnx)3O7−δ (x 0.02) superconductors are presented here. Thermal conductivity for all the samples exhibits a hump below the superconducting transition temperature Tc. The peak height of the hump decreases with the Mn content in both the Yand Gd-based systems, barring GdBa2(Cu0.99Mn0.01)3O7−δ. The peak height reduc...

Aligned vertical fractures introduce velocity anisotropy which is directly related to parameters, such as fracture density, fracture shape and fracture contents. Effective medium models allow us to study qPand qS-wave velocity anisotropy in rocks with aligned vertical fractures, intersecting fracture sets and aligned fractures with smallscale porosity. Spatially varying fracture density distrib...

Surface mining in Appalachia disrupts large areas of forested land. Federal and state laws require disturbed lands be reclaimed by re-constructing the landscape and replacing soil materials to provide a rooting medium. If insufficient quantities of native topsoil are available, substitute materials derived from the overburden may be used as soil media. This study examined soil and foliar nutrie...