Shadows are important to create realism in 3D Simulations. They give extra information about spatial relationships of objects and they add to the overal atmosphere. Several techniques to create shadows exist, each with their advantages and disadvantages. Modern graphics hardware can process more graphics data than every in real time. Shadow algorithms that required preprocessing or could not be...

Many speech recogni ti on systems [Lee88] , [ Shi 85] , [Hua92] , use mul ti pl e i nformationstreams to compute HMMoutput probabi l i ti es (e. g. systems based on semi conti nuous or di screte HMM' s use one codebook for cepstral coe ci ents, andanother one for del ta cepstral coe ci ents). The nal score a wei ghted sumof the contri buti ons of every am. These wei ghts can be found empi ri ca...

Finding motifs in biological, social, technological, and other types of networks has become a widespread method to gain more knowledge about these networks' structure and function. However, this task is very computationally demanding, because it is highly associated with the graph isomorphism which is an NP problem (not known to belong to P or NP-complete subsets yet). Accordingly, this researc...

This paper presents a new simplification method for weighted finite automata. The method suggests efficient approaches to some problems that are related to intersection of automata. Minimal automata can be made smaller through simplifications such as merging of states. Although such simplifications change the recognized language, some other essential properties of the automaton may be preserved...

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is an eciency measurement tool for evaluation of similar Decision Making Units (DMUs). In DEA, weights are assigned to inputs and outputs and the absolute eciency score is obtained by the ratio of weighted sum of outputs to weighted sum of inputs. In traditional DEA models, this measure is also equivalent with relative eciency score which evaluates DMUs in compar...

This study attempts to measure the inefficiency associated with aggregate investment in a transitional economy. The inefficiency is decomposed into allocative and production inefficiency based on standard production theory. Allocative inefficiency is measured by disequilibrium investment demand. Institutional factors are then taken into consideration as possible explanatory variables of the dis...

Unlike most of the existing methods in Space Time coding (STC) system which focus on design of STC gaining full rate and/or maximum diversity, we propose an approach to improve spectral efficiency of the code. The proposed scheme carries more information symbols in each transmission block as compared to its counterpart code, and yet retains the property of simple decoding. Simulation results sh...

Various types of basic income schemes are considered to compensate the allocative inefficiencies induced by unemployment insurance systems. This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model of a unionized economy where participation to the labor market is endogenous and the budget of the State has to balance. It is shown that basic income schemes reduce the equilibrium unemployment rate. ...

Pakistan is home to one of the largest and most complex irrigation infrastructure systems in the world, consisting of 25 million hectares of irrigated agriculture, 56,000 kilometers of main canals, and tubewells in excess of 600,000. Nearly 100 million people depend on 107,000 water courses that are fed by 44 canal systems. Ineffective water management policies in the past have affected water a...