Introduction The shift from adult education to lifelong learning has not only impacted on the role and position of the adult educator, but has also had a profound effect on the legitimation of the learning of adults. Whereas adult education has historically been connected with learning for personal development and empowerment and learning for social inclusiveness and democratic understanding an...

BACKGROUND To stop a possible outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (LD) at an early stage an outbreak detection programme was installed in The Netherlands. METHODS The programme consisted of sampling and controlling of potential sources to which LD patients had been exposed during their incubation period. Potential sources were considered to be true sources of infection if two or more LD patient...

The detection methods for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of available techniques of IBV detection by virus isolation, antigen or genome detection, and serology are discussed. Factors of influence on the level of success in detection of IBV after a disease outbreak are discussed, as are the possibilities and dangers of strain classification by protec...

Introduction There has been much research on statistical methods of prospective outbreak detection that are aimed at identifying unusual clusters of one syndrome or disease, and some work on multivariate surveillance methods (1). In England and Wales, automated laboratory surveillance of infectious diseases has been undertaken since the early 1990’s. The statistical methodology of this automate...

The objective of this paper is to evaluate a panel of statistical algorithms for temporal outbreak detection. Based on a large dataset of simulated weekly surveillance time series, we performed a systematic assessment of 21 statistical algorithms, 19 implemented in the R package surveillance and two other methods. We estimated false positive rate (FPR), probability of detection (POD), probabili...

An outbreak of a lethal disease was reported in 4–6-month-old Holstein calves in a feedlot around Tehran. The signs of central nervous system and gastrointestinal system (GI) involvement were observed in the diseased animals. Necropsy samples of GI, liver, kidney, spleen and lung from 3 died animals were prepared for histopathological examination. Blood and formalin-fixed ear notch samples of 6...

Health care officials are increasingly concerned with knowing early whether an outbreak of a particular disease is unfolding. We often have daily counts of some variable that are indicative of the number of individuals in a given community becoming sick each day with a particular disease. By monitoring these daily counts we can possibly detect an outbreak in an early stage. A number of classica...

Multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae caused a nosocomial outbreak. Resistance patterns of the presumed outbreak isolates varied among and within patients. In order to control the outbreak, screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae was commenced. A number of susceptible K. pneumoniae strains were stored to serve as controls in genetic strain typing. Typing by ...

The wide spread of worms poses serious challenges to today’s Internet. Various IDSes (Intrusion Detection Systems) have been proposed to identify or prevent such spread. These IDSes can be largely classified as signature-based or anomaly-based ones depending on what type of knowledge the system knows. Signature-based IDSes are unable to detect the outbreak of new and unidentified worms when the...

BACKGROUND A major challenge to outbreak control lies in early detection of viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) in local community contexts during the critical initial stages of an epidemic, when risk of spreading is its highest ("the first mile"). In this paper we document how a major Ebola outbreak control effort in central Uganda in 2012 was experienced from the perspective of the community. We...