Although large peptides are now being synthesized by recombinant DNA technology, chemical synthesis remains important for clarifying their chemical and biological properties. In 1969, two notable reports were published on the chemical synthesis of enzymes: one described solid-phase synthesis of ribonuclease A by Gutte & Merrifield [ 1, 21; and the other, solution synthesis of ribonuclease S-pro...

in past, the relationship between traditional learning theories and neurophysiological theories wasn’t a close relationship. recently, new findings in neurological sciences showed relatively simple neuron mechanisms for somewhat complicated learning events, for example observational learning, one of which is mirror neurons. these neurons show that how the brain registers the activity observed a...

most of the time, groups/communities are involved in negotiations and disputations due to their various interests. they are always trying to pursuit their aspiration to embrace changes and influence on events. although sometimes these groups are not completely opposed to each other and their intention is just to get the desired results, almost always their conditions are in contrast with each o...

the main purpose of this research is to describe emergent approach of grounded theory methodology and then compare it with systematic approach. to do so, after describing emergent approach, it compare it with systematic one surrounding 5 axis: coding processes; sampling processes; paradigms; literature review and rigor considerations. the findings show that emergent approach in comparison with ...

leadership studies is a new interdisciplinary field of organization studies that is growing at a steady rate all over the world. leadership studies are seen as a branch of management and organization sciences despite its philosophical roots that can be traced back to plato’s philosophical writings such as laws, politics, or the republic. starting from burns’ seminal book, leadership (1978), and...

the clinical environment remains a key area for learning, and practitioners continue to make a huge contribution to the education of students. varieties of theories of learning are available for trainers to use in medical education, it is very important to identify the principles of learning and understand how individual differences affect the learning process. it is interesting to think about ...

theory is a base for all scientific disciplines. theorizing is an important branch in architecture too. there are a little reference that tries to define theory and show the differences between theory in architecture and theory in other disciplines. this article aimed to show the characteristics of architectural theory. at first we try to review different books and articles which are written on...