A reflex wink, which resulted from a tap over the supraorbital region of the face, was described by Overend (1896). He observed that the reflex was the product of facial stimulation, for it was present in the blind. In the 25 years following this discovery it was realized that reflex winking (unilateral contraction of the homolateral orbicularis oculi) or blinking (bilateral contraction) could ...

BACKGROUND There are many published surgical techniques for the correction of crow's feet deformity, but subsequent contour irregularities and early recurrence are often reported. OBJECTIVE The authors present a radiofrequency (RF) technique to treat crow's feet that can prevent complications while simultaneously maintaining long-term results. METHODS From April 2010 to February 2012, a tot...

In performing upper blepharoplasty in the elderly, looking younger and keeping the eyelids harmonious with the rest of the face have to be achieved at the same time. The most important goal in upper blepharoplasty for aging is correcting the drooping upper eyelid skin, and in this process, the surgeon may or may not create a double eyelid fold. The pros and cons have to be fully discussed with ...

The orbicularis oculi reflex was studied in nine cases with lateral medullary lesions. Diagnosis of the Wallenberg syndrome was made clinically in seven cases and at necropsy in another. The clinical features of one other case were closely allied to but not typical of this syndrome. An afferent delay of the late reflex on the side of the lesion in the presence of a normal early reflex was seen ...

There has been no published investigation into the reasons why some patients with severe trachomatous conjunctival scarring develop entropion and trichiasis while others do not. In a population of leprosy patients with severe trachomatous conjunctival scarring the authors found that lagophthalmos correlated with the absence of trichiasis and entropion. We suggest that orbicularis oculi muscle f...

The blink reflex and its equivalent glabella tap reflex are behavioural motor responses normally found in neonates and in the physiological startle reflex. Historically, it was described by Overend in 1896 and soon afterwards by McCarthy and by Bekhterev who disputed its origins. Kugelberg in 1952 recorded the early-latency R1 and the late-latency R2 electromyographic responses from orbicularis...

MeThODS In 16 cadavers, the motor innervations of the orbicularis oculi muscle (m.OO) were studied. Multiple anastomoses between the 3 buccal branches were noticed within the medial two-thirds of the lower lid just below the arcus marginalis. They did not anastomose with the zygomatic branch, which tangentially entered the m.OO in front of the lateral canthus. Hence, the safety of m.OO undermin...

A prospective, interventional study was carried out on all the patients of Essential Blepharospasm Symdrome, Hemifacial Spasm and Meige’s syndrome who underwent treatment with botulinum toxin A in BP Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic studies during a study period of one and half years. Pretreatment grading of the spasm was done with Jankovic spasm grading and post treatment response was seen ...

Dallas, Texas; Beverly Hills, Calif.; and Lyon, France Background: Lower lid blepharoplasty has potential for significant long-lasting complications and marginal aesthetic outcomes if not performed correctly, or if one disregards the anatomical aspects of the orbicularis oculi muscle. This has detracted surgeons from performing the technical maneuvers necessary for optimal periorbital rejuvenat...

OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine whether prior tetanic stimulation of cranial nerves enhances the amplitudes of transcranial motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). METHODS Thirty patients undergoing elective craniotomy under propofol-fentanyl anesthesia with partial neuromuscular blockade were enrolled. Both control and posttetanic MEPs (c-MEPs and p-MEPs) monitoring were performed with a trai...