The government of Hong Kong grasped the political nettle of control of tobacco in the early 1980s, since when a comprehensive policy of legislation, education, and publicity, together with large increases in taxation on tobacco products, has been introduced. This has led to almost all of the population of Hong Kong having knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco and of antismoking measures t...

OBJECTIVE To assess reactions of smokers to five waves of tobacco tax increases in Germany. DESIGN A 10-wave cross-sectional study, with assessments before and after the tax increases. SETTING General population of Germany. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS 10 representative samples from the general population with a total number of 27,608 people aged > or = 14 years, including 8548 smokers (31% o...

OBJECTIVES To assess progress in tobacco control policy research and the relevance of research to policy making. METHODS Over 100 experts were surveyed about their opinions on the body of research existing in 1992 and 2011 concerning 11 areas of tobacco control policy, the state of policy implementation in both years, the extent to which research has affected policy adoption and how experienc...

Global tobacco deaths are high and rising. Tobacco use is primarily driven by nicotine addiction. Overall tobacco control policy is relatively well agreed upon but a long term nicotine policy has been less well considered and requires further debate. Reaching consensus is important because a nicotine policy is integral to the target of reducing tobacco caused disease, and the contentious issues...

It is well known that the selfish behavior of users in a network can be regulated through the imposition of the so-called optimal taxes on the network edges. Any traffic equilibrium reached by the selfish users who are conscious of both the travel latencies and the taxes will minimize the social cost, i.e., will minimize the total latency. Optimal taxes incur desirable behavior from the society...

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