The effect of the statistical uncertainty, or noise, in inverse treatment planning for intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) based on Monte Carlo dose calculation was studied. Sets of Monte Carlo beamlets were calculated to give uncertainties at Dmax ranging from 0.2% to 4% for a lung tumour plan. The weights of these beamlets were optimized using a previously described procedure based on a s...

This study deals with the removal of cadmium (II) from cadmium plating wast water by chemical precipitation in shape of white crystalline precipitate, using oxalic acid o,5M as chemical reagent.It was studied the influence of pH, dose of reagent, temperature and also the influenceof initial concentration of cadmium cation.The efficiency of process was expressed in percentage for all the experim...

High-dose chemotherapy in conjunction with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is increasingly being used for treatment of patients with hematological malignancies. Residual tumor cells, resistant to high-dose chemoradiotherapy, are responsible for reccurence of the disease. Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a pleiotropic cytokine which plays a central ro...

BACKGROUND Radiation-sensitive polymer gels are among the most promising three-dimensional dose verification tools and tissue-like phantom developed to date. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is an investigating of percentage depth dose enhancement within the gel medium with used of conformal distribution gold nanoparticle as contrast agents by high atomic number material. METHODS In this wor...

Natural Products offer an alternative to synthetic radioprotectors being less toxic. In this study 50% alcoholic extract of Mentha piperita (ALM) was tested for its radioprotective ability in terms of radiation sickness and survival of Swiss albino mice. This drug was well tolerated at highest dose of 1000mg/kg b.wt./day for three consecutive days. All doses of drug provided significant protect...

background: radiation-sensitive polymer gels are among the most promising three-dimensional dose verification tools and tissue-like developed to date. among the special features of this type of dosimeters, is be doped with other elements or chemicals which made them appropriate for investigating of dose enhancement with contrast agents, by high atomic number. material and methods: in this study...

This paper presents and compares different avalanche breakdown voltage estimation methods in 4H-SiC (silicon carbide) using finite element simulation results on Schottky diode. 4H-SiC avalanche breakdown voltage and depletion width estimated with Baliga’s equations have shown to be higher than other estimation techniques and simulation results, especially for voltages higher than 5kV. This pape...

BACKGROUND In general, the IMRT optimisation problem possesses many equivalent solutions. This makes it difficult to decide whether a result produced by an IMRT planning algorithm can be further improved, e.g. by adding more beams, or whether it is close to the globally best solution. RESULTS It is conjectured that the curvature properties of the objective function around any globally optimum...

The science of dosage or posology (from Greek posos, how much, and logos, study) is a branch of pharmacology and therapeutics concerned with treatment dosage and dosage regimen. Establishing optimum dosage underpins every clinical development plan for novel therapeutic candidates. Failure to select the adequate drug dose is a leading culprit for regulatory delays or denial of initial applicatio...