Opium dependency is an important health problem in Iran. Several studies show that most opium dependent patients have concomitant psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was evaluation of psychiatric disorders in opium dependency in comparison with heroin dependency. Background: This is a descriptive study on 192 male opium dependent patients who were admitted in dualdiagnosis ward of Behe...

BACKGROUND Household survey data of Changlang district, Arunachal Pradesh, were used in the present study to assess the prevalence of opium use among different tribes, and to examine the association between sociodemographic factors and opium use. METHODS A sample of 3421 individuals (1795 men and 1626 women) aged 15 years and older was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model t...

OBJECTIVE(S) As far as we know, there has been no report regarding the effects of opium addiction or dependency of both parents on the learning and memory process in offspring. The aim of this study was to examine the learning and memory changes of adult male offspring whose mothers, fathers and/or both parents had dependency to opium before and during pregnancy. Materials and Methods : All exp...

BACKGROUND Although the triggering role of both opium use and elevated plasma homocysteine level for progressing atherosclerosis and, therefore, appearing coronary heart disease has been clearly determined, no study are available with respect to the relation between these to risk profiles. In the present study and for the first time, we hypothesized that the opium addiction can be potentially c...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between opium use and subsequent risk of death. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING The Golestan Cohort Study in north-eastern Iran collected detailed validated data on opium use and other exposures at baseline. Participants were enrolled between January 2004 and June 2008 and were followed to May 2011, with a follow-up success rate of over 99%...

Aim: Substance abuse has become a universal crisis in our modern age. Among illegal substances, opium and its derivatives have been ranked second in terms of usage after cannabis in the world. In many Asian regions, the use of opium enjoys a high social acceptance; hence, some common people and even medical practitioners believe that opium lowers blood glucose and pressure and treat dyslipidemi...

VIRGINIA BERRIDGE and GRIFFITH EDWARDS, Opium and the people: Opiate use in nineteenth-century England, London, Allen Lane; New York, St. Martin's Press, 1981, 8vo, pp. xxx, 369, £20.00. After reading Opium and the people, one is tempted to believe that opium was the religion of the masses. The drug was omnipresent in Victorian society. It was sold, without restriction, not only by chemists, bu...

The management of pain continues to be one of the most vexing of problems for health practitioners worldwide. The pain response is difficult to manage for multiple reasons: responses vary widely in their mechanism of action as well as anatomic location; individual responses to pain are variable; secondary gains can be had by individuals falsely claiming to be in pain; cultural differences in de...

Honfleur, an old picturesque port, sits on the southern estuary of the Seine, one of the principal rivers of France. Many artists, including Gustave Courbet, Claude Monet, John Jongkind and Eugene Boudin have immortalized its beauty, serenity, and natural elegance. The explorer Binot Paulmierde Gonneville set forth from its shores in 1503 to explore Brazil. Another navigator, Jean Denis left Ho...