introduction: effective perception of fear signals is crucial for organism survival. when threated, the organism indicates defensive behaviors. methods: elevated plus–maze has high efficiency for measurement of fear behavior and is widly used for fear behavior determination. increase in two parameters percent of openarm entries (%oae) and percent of time spent in the open-arm (%oat) in the elev...

factors (growth stimulating and growth inhibiting sub stances) present in normal adult tissue form a growth control mechanism which is responsible for the dormancy of normal adult tissue. An upset of this balance, or the absence of the inhibiting factor, may result in the un restrained growth of cancer. The thesis that neoplasia may represent a disturbance of equilibrium between growth stimulat...

Selection on quantitative traits, and its consequences, comprises the remainder of this book. We start by discussing the simplest situation — the expected change in the mean of a single character following a single generation of selection. This response is reasonably predictable in a wide variety of settings, using a regression framework and the appropriate covariances between relatives. By con...

The rapid growth of the Internet and Intranets has dramatically increased the number of WebSources. These sources are typically characterized by a limited query capability compared to a relational data source. They may also be incomplete, and there may be redundancy among them. These features increase the challenge of scaling to answer queries in a mediator-wrapper architecture with a large num...

The “Carnian Crisis” is documented in basinal, shallow-marine and epicontinental northwestern Tethyan facies areas by, successively, (1) a demise of carbonate platforms and reefs in the Julian 1/IIc, (2) a major faunal and floral turnover in the Late Julian and (3) a significant extinction event affecting conodonts and ammonoids at the Julian/Tuvalian boundary. Based on the study of 19 successi...

The results are described of ongoing field and laboratory experiments to estimate losses from shingle beaches due to abrasion. Field abrasion experiments of two exotic lithologies (quartzite and limestone) used as tracers on two flint shingle beaches at Telscombe and Saltdean in East Sussex, UK, have been carried out over 23 months, resulting in 985 weight loss measurements. Relationships betwe...

conclusions listening to the relaxant music can reduce postoperative pain. it is suggested that relaxant music be used as a complementary method in patients in order to reduce prospective pain. results before intervention, the mean of pain intensity was 6.32 ± 0.21 and 6.10 ± 0.21 for experimental and control groups, respectively; and the difference was not significant (p = 0.21). after interve...