It is not known whether the instincts of wild horses have remained strong during their centuries of domestication. Knowledge of this matter would give riders the opportunity to know more about the behavior of horses and consequently about safety for both horses and riders. In this current research, we studied the behavior of fifteen Caspian miniature horses of different ages and sexes using sti...

THE ABILITY TO ELIMINATE any gene in mice and the increasing ability to identify specific genes responsible for human singlegene diseases is providing a cornucopia of biological information on the relation of genotype to phenotype. Tracing the pleiotropic effects of genes is greatly facilitated when crossspecies comparisons are possible. In that regard, and quite apart from its primary motivati...

Chemosensory input is important for mating behavior in male hamsters. Chemosignals found in female hamster vaginal fluid activate regions of the brain that receive input from the vomeronasal /accessory olfactory system and are important for mating behavior. Mating or exposure to these chemosignals produces increased Fos protein expression in the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, an...

The anatomical distribution of PACAP-like immunoreactivity was investigated in sensory and peripheral organs of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, during the pharyngula, hatching and larval periods, by using indirect immunofluorescence methods. First PACAP-like immunoreactive (ir) elements appeared during the pharyngula period, at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf), within the most superficial layer of...

When a patient loses visual ability, new synapses may develop in the brain to adapt to new situations and sustain life with other sensory organs. We appreciate the article titled “Olfactory Function Assessment of Blind Subjects Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Test,” written by Çomoğlu et al. In this study, olfactory functions were found to be better in blind patients than in normal individuals. Enhan...

the sense of olfaction reached its zenith in development much earlier than other special senses. olfaction is much more acute than the other senses, exhibits both high sensitivity for odours and high discrimination between them. this plays a very important role even in the social and behavioral aspects of human beings. recent studies using molecular genetics, electrophysiology and behavioral an...