i n addition to labor force and capital, energy plays a significant role in the production of commodities and services. energy is the driving force of production activities. therefore, it is an essential ingredient of growth and development. results obtained from this paper show that the growth of oil products consumption has a positive effect on economic development via two channels: firstly, ...

Due to the growing interest in environmental concerns, synthetic and natural esters have become key focus of picture last two decades as insulating fluids for high-voltage equipment. This is because, unlike mineral oil, ester liquids are biodegradable, nontoxic, safe environment human health. These derived from renewable sources high fire resistance. However, still used a rather limited number ...

Seventy to eighty five percent of failures and wear problems in lubricated machines are caused by oil contamination. Contaminants shorten the life of all machines, especially those with fine finishes and clearances operating at high speeds and temperatures. Examples are rolling and sliding bearings, gears, vane and piston hydraulic pumps, Maintaining clean oil provides the benefits listed in Ta...

Water-in-oil monitoring as a method of short wave absorption has been widely applied in the petroleum, chemical and shipping industries. However, due to enhancements in equipment precision and efficiency, more demands are being made on oil products. In order to meet these needs, it is insufficient to merely rely on improving the design of secondary instruments. Based on a wide range of practice...

Operating policies for oil production systems based purely on static behavior can incur excessive gas flaring and potentially violate environmental regulations, specially when the system undergoes transients in response to predictable and unanticipated events. On the other hand, optimal control strategies can reach an optimal steady state by accounting for the system dynamics, while handling th...

Corrosion of equipment in the oil and gas complex is a global problem, as it contributes to huge material costs disasters that violate environment. control methods used protect do not always ensure absolute safety operation facilities. Moreover, they are quite expensive. The developed method for controlling electrochemical parameters aqueous solutions combat complications during oil-field pipel...