The effect of the molar ratio of hydroxide and fluoride ions to Al(III) ions (gamma(OH) and gamma(F)) on coagulation and electrocoagulation (EC) was studied to solve the problem of the over addition of acid or base. The efficiency of defluoridation was approximately 100% when the sum of gamma(OH) and gamma(F) (gamma(OH+F)) was close to 3. This finding reveals that the fluoride ions and the hydr...

The production of low-cost biofuels in engineered microorganisms is of great interest due to the continual increase in the world's energy demands. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can potentially be produced in microbes cost-effectively. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are a common component of biodiesel and can be synthesized from either triacylglycerol or free fatty acids (FFAs). Here we r...

The phenazine derivative 2-hydroxyphenazine (2-OH-PHZ) plays an important role in the biocontrol of plant diseases, and exhibits stronger bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity than phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) toward some pathogens. PhzO has been shown to be responsible for the conversion of PCA to 2-OH-PHZ, however the kinetics of the reaction have not been systematically studied. Furth...

Evidence suggests that low 25-OH vitamin D 25(OH)D concentrations may increase the risk of several cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, myocardial infarction, heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Recent studies suggested a possible relationship between vitamin D deficiency and increased carotid intima-media wall thickness ...

Atmospheric photochemistry induced by solar excitation of vibrational overtone transitions has recently been demonstrated to be of importance in cleaving weak bonds (in HO(2)NO(2)) and inducing intramolecular rearrangement followed by reaction (in H(2)SO(4)). Here, we propose another potentially important process: the decarboxylation of organic acids. To demonstrate this possibility, we have ca...

Carboxymethyl cellulose [C6H7O(OH)3x(OCH2COOH)x]n is a derivative of the regenerated cellulose [C6H10O5]n with hydroxy-acetic acid (hydroxy ethanoic acid) CH2(OH)COOH or sodium monochloroacetate ClCH2COONa. The CMC backbone consist of D-glucose residues linked by -1,4-linkage. The molecular mass of one glucose unit in CMC chain is mCMC = 146.14 + 75.04x, where x  3 is the degree of substitu...

A new computational scheme is presented for calculation of sum frequency generation (SFG) spectra, based on the exciton model for OH bonds. The scheme is applied to unified analysis of the SFG spectra in the OH-stretch region of the surfaces of ice, liquid water, and acid solution. A significant role of intermolecularly coupled collective modes is pointed out. SFG intensity amplification observ...

The endogenous bile acid metabolite 1β-hydroxy-deoxycholic acid (1β-OH-DCA) excreted in human urine may be used as a sensitive CYP3A biomarker in drug development reflecting in vivo CYP3A activity. An efficient and stereospecific enzymatic synthesis of 1β-OH-DCA was developed using a Bacillus megaterium (BM3) cytochrome P450 (P450) mutant, and its structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic res...

The vibrational spectrum of molecular propanoic acid, cooled in a supersonic expansion, in the region of 2500 to 7500 cm(-1) is obtained employing infrared plus vacuum ultraviolet nonresonant ionization detected spectroscopy. The fundamental and first overtone of the CH and OH stretch modes of cold propanoic acid molecules can be identified in the spectrum. Propanoic acid neutral and ionic clus...

A novel method for oxazine derivatives formation is established using the reaction of ammonium thiocyanate and acid chlorides with 1-naphthol in the presence of Nanoparticle of ZnO to afford [1,3]oxazine-4-thione derivatives under solvent-free conditions at room temperature in excellent yields.