Hominins emerging from Africa in the Pleistocene required sources of vitamins addition to energy and nutrient substance (carbohydrates, proteins, fats). Most their vitamin requirements could be provided by eating flesh herbivores but C is low concentrations animal muscle tissue. Lack causes fatal disease scurvy. In southern Eurasia, hominins would have been able harvest fruits vegetables throug...

Abstract In this study, we analyze the impact of reduced snow cover in Northern Hemisphere on atmosphere and if atmospheric response depends model resolution. We use component global climate EC-Earth perform three experiments: first experiment, reduce entire by reducing albedo to a constant value 0.3, second only over Eurasia, third experiment is control run using normal conditions. All experim...

Large-scale patterns of species richness and their causes are still poorly understood for most terrestrial invertebrates, although invertebrates can add important insights into the mechanisms that generate regional and global biodiversity patterns. Here we explore the general plausibility of the climate-based "water-energy dynamics" hypothesis using the latitudinal pattern of land-snail species...

More than a half of the northern Asian pool of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is fragmented into a number of subclades of haplogroups C and D, two of the most frequent haplogroups throughout northern, eastern, central Asia and America. While there has been considerable recent progress in studying mitochondrial variation in eastern Asia and America at the complete genome resolution, little comp...

[1] The last glacial inception ( 116 ky ago) has long been used to test the sensitivity of climate models to insolation. From these simulations, atmospheric, oceanic and vegetation feedbacks have been shown to amplify the initial insolation signal into a rapid growth of ice-sheets over the northern hemisphere. However, due to the lack of comprehensive atmosphere-ocean-vegetation-northern hemisp...

In the legendary biographies of some Buddhist adepts from the 2nd- and 9th-centuries there are some clues which can be interpreted to reveal that the adepts were consuming psychedelic Amanita muscaria, 'fly agaric', mushrooms to achieve enlightenment. This secret ingredient in the alchemical elixir they used to attain 'realization' was, of course, unnamed, in keeping with their vows to maintain...

Any reduction in global mean near-surface temperature due to a future decline in solar activity is likely to be a small fraction of projected anthropogenic warming. However, variability in ultraviolet solar irradiance is linked to modulation of the Arctic and North Atlantic Oscillations, suggesting the potential for larger regional surface climate effects. Here, we explore possible impacts thro...

We discuss the background and methods for estimating uncertainty in establishing a regional, terrestrial biota Full Carbon Account (FCA) in a holistic manner utilizing our experiences in generating such an account for a vast region in Northern Eurasia. For such an analysis, it is important to (1) provide a full account; (2) consider the relevance of a certified account; (3) understand that any ...