This article presents an introduction to the causes and characteristics of armed conflicts. It reviews some of the key humanitarian crises that broke new ground in terms of the technologies and practices that developed at the field level in response to each new complex emergency, with particular focus on the health sector. It introduces the concept of humanitarian governance as a framework for ...

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine in February 2022 began with the intervention of Russian army into sovereign territory without a declaration war. Therefore, this must be categorized as whether it is included non-international armed or an international order to able resolve it. As result, category International Armed Conflict because fulfils conditions carried out by state intensity attac...

A range of theories have attempted to explain the variation in civilian abuse of warring parties. Most of these theories have been focused on the strategic environment in which these acts take place. Less attention is devoted to the perpetrators of these human right abuses themselves: the armed groups. This study tries to fill this niche by using the organizational process theory in which it is...

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) is a landmark agreement in history nuclear disarmament movement. It was negotiated against wishes nuclear-armed states and many their supporters this context defines challenges opportunities for its universalisation. We argue that universalisation should be understood as strategy maximising authority treaty core norms principles across fou...