Let V and W be real or complex finite dimensional vector spaces with inner products 〈·, ·〉V and 〈·, ·〉W , respectively. Let L : V → W be linear. If there is a transformation L∗ : W → V for which 〈Lv,w〉W = 〈v, Lw〉V (1) holds for every pair of vectors v ∈ V and w in W , then L∗ is said to be the adjoint of L. Some of the properties of L∗ are listed below. Proposition 1.1. Let L : V →W be linear. ...