Morphine has been widely used for the treatment of acute, chronic, and cancer pain and is considered the strongest analgesic in clinical care. Conversely, morphine-induced analgesia may be accompanied by several side effects. Animal studies have demonstrated that low doses of morphine administered intrathecally can produce reliable analgesia for thermal, mechanical, and chemical nociceptive sti...

Despite the clinical demand, current uses of local anesthetics do not allow selective blockade of nociceptive fibers. Regional anesthesia produces an analgesic effect accompanied with undesired side effects due to block of motor, non-nociceptive sensory and autonomic fibers. These side effects limit the clinical use of local anesthetics and affect the recovery and rehabilitation period after su...

The innervation area of nociceptive C-fibers in the saphenous nerve of adult rats was detected by the Evans blue technique, in which antidromic excitation of the nociceptive C-fibers causes a visible extravasation of dye in the skin it supplied. One month after cutting the sciatic nerve, the nociceptive C-fibers of the intact saphenous nerve had sprouted to the sciatic area. When capsaicin was ...

Objective. To estimate an anti-nociceptive and regenerative potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in experimental post-traumatic neuropathy rats. Methods. Neuropathic pain was induced by axotomy technique rat left hind paw (Wistar rats (n=113)). The respective group subjects received ADMSCs dose 1×10<sup>6</sup> cells/kg 2×10<sup>6</sup> into the site sciat...

introduction: feverfew (tanacetum parthenium) (t.p.) is widely used in folk medicine to treat many diseases. we reported the analgesic effect of t.p. flower and leaf previously. present study is designed to find the mechanism underlying the anti-nociceptive effect of the aqueous extract of t.p. flower. method: based on our previous study, the dose 50 mg/kg i.p. of the t.p. aqueous extract had a...

Hypocretins/orexins are primary excitatory neuropeptides located exclusively in neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area, which send projections to most monoaminergic nuclei. It has been reported that i.c.v. injection of hypocretin 1 (orexin A) enhances wakefulness in rats and mice. The present work was carried out to examine the roles of hypocretins in nociception in mice. The presence of robu...

introduction: hyperalgesia is considered as one the marked signs of subchronic diabetes mellitus that could affect the life style of patients. considering the evidence on the antidiabetic and analgesic effects of nigella sativa (ns), this study was designed to investigate the analgesic effects of ns on formalin-induced nociceptive responses (standard formalin test) in streptozotocin (stz)-induc...

introduction: the formalin test is the most accepted chemical test for evaluation of nociception. it requires the injection of an adequate amount of formalin into the surface of the hindpaw. formalin test consists of phase 1 (0-7 min) and phase 2 (15-60) in which the animal shows painful behaviors. these phases are separated with a quiet phase named interphase, in which the nociceptive response...

Background: Musculoskeletal pain is a major clinical problem, but researchers lack viable animal models to study this phenomenon. However, formalin injections are widely used to produce tonic and neurogenic nociceptive responses in rodents. Rodents can present a potential animal model for pain. Objectives: To develop a muscle pain model with intramuscular injection of formalin in rats. Ma...

We read with interest the Review by Jo Nijs and colleagues1 describing central sensitisation in chronic pain conditions latest discoveries. agree authors that represents a significant unmet need. Here, we describe emerging nociceptive therapeutic potential of immunomodulatory strategies.