Abstract. A decline in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) strength has been observed between 2004 and 2012 by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID – Meridional Overturning Circulation Heatflux Array Western Boundary Time Series, hereafter RAPID array) with this weakened state of AMOC persisting until 2017. Climate model paleo-oceanographic research suggests that may have declining for de...