INTRODUCTION Nipple-areola complex reconstruction (NAR) is the final procedure in breast reconstruction after the majority of mastectomies. Many methods of NAR have been described, each with inherent advantages and disadvantages depending on local healthy tissue availability, previous scarring and procedures, and the operative morbidity of the NAR technique. Nipple reconstructions may be compli...

Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is an unsupervised neural network using for object detection and recognition in numerous image processing applications. This paper presents a methodology to achieve an automated detection of nipples by obscene pictures. The proposed system is composed of a human skin detection using for non-skin removal process based on image processing and a nipple detection using for...

AIMS To find a pre-operative test for nipple and areola involvement in breast cancer. METHODS Areola-tumour distance was measured in 140 consecutive patients (median age 45, range: 23-83) undergoing a mastectomy. We analysed whether nipple and areola correlated with areola-tumour distance, tumour size, nodal status, perinodal involvement and lymphatic embolization. RESULTS The nipple was in...

Adenomatosis (adenoma, papillary adenoma, florid papillomatosis) of the nipple is a rare benign disorder involving the nipple witch can be mistaken clinically for Paget's disease and pathologically be misinterpreted as an adenocarcinoma. It occurs mostly in middle-aged women and is extremely rare in adolescents and children. Adenomatosis of the nipple is a well-known in women, but extremely rar...

Objective: It is estimated that 80-90% of breastfeeding women experience nipple soreness. In this study we evaluated the effect of Aloe Vera gel compared with breast milk on nipple sores. Methods: This clinical trial study was performed in the neonatal ward of the Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad (Iran) from June 2009 to December 2009. Mothers were divided randomly into two groups:  Aloe Vera applica...

objective: it is estimated that 80-90% of breastfeeding women experience nipple soreness. in this study we evaluated the effect of aloe vera gel compared with breast milk on nipple sores. methods: this clinical trial study was performed in the neonatal ward of the ghaem hospital in mashhad (iran) from june 2009 to december 2009. mothers were divided randomly into two groups:  aloe vera applicat...

Introduction: Nipple creation using the C-V flap technique is often the final step in breast reconstruction. The aim of this study was to assess subjectively and objectively the cosmetic outcomes and satisfaction of patients undergoing C-V flap nipple reconstruction. Methods: Subjective assessments of patient satisfaction with the neo-nipple recorded by visual analogue scoring (VAS; 0-10). Obje...

BACKGROUND Persistent nipple pain is one of the most common reasons given by mothers for ceasing exclusive breastfeeding. We aimed to determine the frequency of nipple pain as a reason for consultation, the most common attributed aetiologies, and the effectiveness of the advice and treatment given. METHODS All consultations at the Breast Feeding Centre of Western Australia (WA) were audited o...

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a LED phototherapy prototype apparatus in the healing of nipple trauma in breastfeeding women. Background data: There is no scientific evidence of an effective treatment for nipple trauma. Methods: The experimental group was treated with orientation on nipple care and adequate breastfeeding techniques in...

INTRODUCTION Nipple fluid aspiration provides direct non-invasive sampling of fluid from the mammary ductal system, where the majority of breast cancers originate. DNA promoter hypermethylation ("methylation") occurs early and at high frequency in breast carcinogenesis, bearing the potential as a biomarker for cancer detection at its earliest stages. We assessed methylation in nipple fluid from...