Recent ROSAT measurements show that the x-ray emission from isolated neutron stars is modulated at the stellar rotation period. To interpret these measurements, one needs precise calculations of the heat transfer through the thin insulating envelopes of neutron stars. We present nearly analytic models of the thermal structure of the envelopes of ultramagnetized neutron stars. Specifically, we e...

We investigate the effects of the magnetic dipole-dipole coupling and the electromagnetic radiation on the frequency evolution of gravitational waves from inspiralling binary neutron stars with magnetic dipole moments. This study is motivated by the discovery of the superstrongly magnetized neutron stars, i.e., magnetar. We derive the contributions of the magnetic fields to the accumulated cycl...

A general thermodynamic argument shows that multi-component matter in full chemical equilibrium, with uniform entropy per baryon, is generally stably stratified. This is particularly relevant for neutron stars, in which the effects of entropy are negligible compared to those of the equilibrium composition gradient established by weak interactions. It can therefore be asserted that, regardless o...

We study thermal states of transiently accreting neutron stars (with mean accretion rates Ṁ ∼ 10 − 10 M⊙ yr ) determined by the deep crustal heating of accreted matter sinking into stellar interiors. We formalize a direct correspondence of this problem to the problem of cooling neutron stars. Using a simple toy model we analyze the most important factors which affect the thermal states of accre...

Latest general relativistic simulations for the merger of binary neutron stars with realistic equations of states (EOSs) show that a hypermassive neutron star of an ellipsoidal figure is formed after the merger if the total mass is smaller than a threshold value which depends on the EOSs. The effective amplitude of quasiperiodic gravitational waves from such hypermassive neutron stars is approx...

The cooling theory of isolated neutron stars is reviewed. The main cooling regulators are discussed, first of all, operation of direct Urca process (or similar processes in exotic phases of dense matter) and superfluidity in stellar interiors. The prospects to constrain gross parameters of supranuclear matter in neutron star interiors by confronting cooling theory with observations of isolated ...

We present a brief review of Chandra observations of neutron stars, with a concentration on neutron stars in supernova remnants. The early Chandra results clearly demonstrate how critical the angular resolution has been in order to separate the neutron star emission from the surrounding nebulosity.

Matter of subnuclear density in the inner crusts of neutron stars consists of neutron-rich atomic nuclei immersed in strongly degenerate relativistic gas of electrons and strongly nonideal liquid of neutrons. Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of this matter are greatly affected by Coulomb and nuclear interactions and can be studied, in principle, from observations of thermal radiation of you...

The isolated neutron star RX J185635-3754 is the closest known neutron star to the Sun. Based on HST WFPC2 obervations over a 3 year baseline, I report its proper motion (332±1 mas yr at a position angle of 100.3±0.1) and parallax (16.5±2.3 mas; 61 pc). This proper motion brings the neutron star from the general vicinity of the Sco-Cen OB association. For an assumed neutron star radial velocity...

Some of the means through which the possible presence of nearly deconfined quarks in neutron stars can be detected by astrophysical observations of neutron stars from their birth to old age are highlighted.