In this in vitro study, we investigated the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in dissolving necrotic tissue and cleaning root canals. In the first part of the study, 0.5% NaOCl solution and Ca(OH)2 paste and solution were tested with samples of necrotic bovine muscle in different treatment modes and for different periods. The necrotic tissue was weighed bef...

Traumatic injuries to an immature permanent tooth may result in cessation of dentin deposition and root maturation. Endodontic treatment is often complicated in premature tooth with an uncertain prognosis. This article describes successful treatment of two traumatized maxillary central incisors with complicated crown fracture three months after trauma. The radiographic examination showed immatu...

Endodontic management of immature anterior teeth with necrotic pulps is a great challenge. Although there are different treatment procedures to deal with this problem such as apexification by using calcium hydroxide dressings or applying a barrier of mineral trioxide aggregate and gutta-percha obturation, the outcomes are still unsatisfactory and the root might still be weak. Recently, a new tr...

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-treated dentin matrix (TDM) is an enriched source of bioactive molecules. Therefore, it was hypothesized that fabrication of autogenous TDM on root dentinal walls of necrotic immature permanent teeth may allow more predictable outcome of revascularization treatments. Two young patients with permanent nonvital immature teeth were chosen for revascularizatio...

Gemination or fusion is a rare occurrence in the mandibular posterior teeth. The aim of this article is to describe the problems encountered and the strategy employed in treating such cases. A 34 years old patient came with the complaint of spontaneous and radiating pain in the right mandibular posterior region. The tooth in concern was an anomalous 'double' second mandibular molar diagnosed as...