We study indexed necessity modalities in intuitionist S4. These provide the logical foundation required by a variety of applications, such as capability-based policy languages for access control and type theories for exceptional computation. We establish noninterference properties capturing the limitations on information flow between formulas under the scope of necessity modalities with differe...

Dear Readers and Authors, One of an editor's duties is to do the final proofreading of a manuscript. I have found that errors in the statistical evaluation of data are the most frequent reason for corrections at that stage. In this respect, one could say that statistics is a nuisance, for me at least. I also remember thinking statistical evaluation was a nuisance early in my scientific career, ...

The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that metaphysics is a necessary discipline – necessary in the sense that all areas of philosophy, all areas of science, and in fact any type of rational activity at all would be impossible without a metaphysical background or metaphysical presuppositions. Because of the extremely strong nature of this claim, it is not possible to put forward a very s...

Due to the growing volume of digital image data in recent years, the demand and necessity for a system that can manage large image sets are rising. It is vital to create sophisticated retrieval functions in order to enhance the user’s convenience. A lot of attention is now being placed on feature-based similarity retrieval which employs features extracted automatically from images. We have been...

The advent of the Internet has made the transfer of data between people easier and more efficient. One specific and popular application of this process is the peer-to-peer(P2P) network. P2P networks are an overlay network on top of the Internet’s topology and accounts for a large portion of Internet traffic[24]. The basic idea of a P2P network is that individual peers can connect to a set of ot...

This paper discusses some serious difficulties for what we shall call the standard account of various kinds of relative necessity, according to which any given kind of relative necessity may be defined by a strict conditional necessarily, if C then p where C is a suitable constant proposition, such as a conjunction of physical laws. We argue, with the help of Humberstone (Reports on Mathematica...

Our knowledge of natural categories includes beliefs not only about what is true of them but also about what would be true if the categories had properties other than (or in addition to) their actual ones. Evidence about these beliefs comes from three lines of research: experiments on category-based induction, on hypothetical transformations of category members, and on definitions of kind terms...

In this paper we solve the problem of approximating a belief measure with a necessity measure or “consonant belief function” by minimizing appropriate distances from the consonant complex in the space of all belief functions. Partial approximations are first sought in each simplicial component of the consonant complex, while global solutions are obtained from the set of partial ones. The L1, L2...

Brush border morphology with the brush epithelium, increases the cell surface, especially useful for absorption. The cells that absorb supstances have great necessity of contact surface with substances in order to be efficacious. The luminal surface of the epithelial cells from this segment of the nephron is covered with densely packed microvilli that form border, whish can be seen under light ...

In insurance, credibility theory (CT) is used to develop a weighted average of the claims experience of an individual contract and the experience for the whole portfolio, where the weight factor is the credibility attached to the individual experience. Recently, Liu and Liu (2002) and Liu (2007), in the study of the behavior of fuzzy phenomena, formulated an alternate version of credibility the...