Valentina Di Felice*, Giancarlo Forte and Dario Coletti 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Medicine e Terapie d’avanguardia, Strategie Biomolecolari e Neuroscienze, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy 3 Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (ICCT), Interna...

Salamanders are generally agreed to represent the primitive tetrapod body plan, as well as a postural analog for early tetrapods. Dissection and description of the muscles of the forelimb, trunk, and hindlimb of the California newt, Taricha torosa, were undertaken to provide baseline data on the locomotor structures in this species. Hypaxial trunk muscles are similar to those of other vertebrat...

The musculature of the shoulder, arm, and forearm was studied in 19 genera of squirrels, representing the Pteromyinae (flying squirrels) and all 7 tribes of the Sciurinae (tree and ground squirrels). The objective was to locate derived anatomical features of functional or phylogenetic significance and to determine how much morphological variation underlies the diverse locomotor behavior of squi...

In 1976 John Ostrom published an enlightening paper about the anatomical transformations in shoulder girdle and forelimb elements along origin of birds. Most his ideas were based on comparing Archaeopteryx lithographica with extant New World vulture Cathartes aura . offered innovative range movements function wing basal bird Further, he explored that may have occurred at early stages evolution ...