The degradation of Reactive Yellow 18 (RY-18), induced by gamma radiation in aqueous medium, was carried out as a function dose (5–20 kGy) and concentration hydrogen peroxide, the initial dye pH solution were optimized for maximum efficiency. Gamma radiations alone combination with H2O2 used to degrade RY-18. A rate 99% achieved using an absorbed 20 kGy, 0.6 mL acidic pH. Variations functional ...

The safety of krill oil was assessed in a subchronic toxicity study and in a genotoxicity test. In a 13-week study, rats were fed krill oil or control diets. There were no differences noted in body weight, food consumption or in the functional observation battery parameters in either gender. Differences in both haematology and clinical chemistry values were noted in the krill oil-treated groups...

Until recently, mutagenicity testing was done on preselected compounds in a manner in which the testing laboratories knew the identity of the substances under test and the "expected" results, i.e., positive for compounds selected because of their carcinogenicity and negative for food additives. There is no completed study in which substances were tested blind using a standardized protocol. Also...

The submission of data on genotoxicity is a precondition for marketing authorisation respectively registration of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) with well established or traditional use in some countries. In European regulatory guidelines prepared by the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) of the European drug regulatory agency EMA, a test strategy is defined giving a pragmatic fram...

Since the inception of the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) in 1990, six-party Expert Working Groups (EWG) have developed and revised numerous guidelines on preclinical safety evaluation (Table 1). The six parties to ICH represent the regulatory bodies and pharmaceutical manufacturing organizations in...

The issue of appropriate testing strategies has been raised for the genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Recently, efforts have been made to evaluate the adequacy of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-standardised tests to assess the genotoxicity of nanomaterials. The aim of this review was to examine whether the current guideline for the in vitro micronucleus (MN) assa...

Carcinogenesis is a complex process involved in genotoxic and non-genotoxic pathways. The carcinogenic potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been predicted by examining their genotoxic effects using several in vitro and in vivo models. However, there is no little information regarding the non-genotoxic effects of AgNPs related to carcinogenesis. The in vitro cell transformation assay (C...

Carcinogenesis is a highly complex, multi-stage process that can occur over a relatively long period before its clinical manifestation. While the sequence in which a cancer cell acquires the necessary traits for tumour formation can vary, there are a number of mechanisms that are common to most, if not all, cancers across the spectrum of possible causes. Many aspects of carcinogenesis can be mo...

This review document addresses the processes of DNA damage, repair and mutation as key steps on the pathway towards cancer development and also briefly describes the most common genotoxicity tests used in the evaluation of whether a compound is genotoxic or not. Knowledge that the carcinogen under evaluation is genotoxic or nongenotoxic is a vital stage of the risk assessment and influences the...