the cholinergic and gabaergic .bers of the medial septal/diagonal band of broca (ms/db) area project to the hippocampus and constitute the septo-hippocampal pathway, which has been proven to play a role in learning and memory. in addition, the hippocampus has bidirectional connections with the septum so that to self-regulate of cholinergic input. the activity of septal and hippocampal neurons i...

Sturgeon is one of the most important species of the Caspian Sea aquatics. Unfortunately, this species faces the threat of extinction today. This makes specific studies on any type of sturgeons more important than before. Studies like histological studies, radiology, and sonography, all require a complete understanding of the anatomy of this fish. Since pilot studies showed some misconceptions ...

background nasal septal deviation (nsd) can cause upper airway obstruction, which results in hypoxia and therefore, pulmonary vasoconstriction, ventricular hypertrophy and right-sided heart failure. objectives the aim of this study is to determine the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mpap) of the patients with nsd and the effect of septoplasty on pulmonary arterial pressure. patients and metho...

hydatid cyst disease should be considered in differential diagnosis in many doubtful clinical situations as can present with non-specific symptoms especially in the endemic areas. cardiac involvement should be considered in patients with history of previous hydatid cyst disease.. cardiac hydatid cysts account for less than 2% of all hydatid diseases. in this report we aimed to present a case of...

choanal polyps are a form of nasal polyps that grow toward the choana with a single stalk. septochoanal polyp is a rare entity that originates from the mucosa of the nasal septum with choanal extension. the most common site of its origin is mainly the superior aspect of the posterior portion of the nasal septum. however, metaplastic ossification is a rare event in nasal polyp and to the best of...

A posteromedian muscle ridge is found in the left ventricle between the two atrioventricular valves in congenital malformations of the heart, where malalignment exists between the ventricular septum and the junction ofboth atrioventricular valve rings; this is seen in transposition with straddling tricuspid valve and double inlet ventricle with outflow chamber. In hearts with normal alignment o...

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a well-known member of the Juglandaceae family and its kernel is widely consumed around the world for both unique nutritional characteristics and health-related benefits. Even though several studies investigated the composition and biological activities of different parts of the walnut tree, the internal septum of the walnut kernel is less evaluated. In the...

The matricellular protein CCN1 (formerly named CYR61) regulates cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, and differentiation through binding to integrin receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Here we show that Ccn1-null mice are impaired in cardiac valvuloseptal morphogenesis, resulting in severe atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD). Remarkably, haploinsufficiency for Ccn1 als...

During the past decade it has become evident that obstruction to left ventricular outflow may result from causes other than aortic valve disease and congenital subaortic stenosis associated with a demonstrable ridge or diaphragm below the aortic valve. Various types of obstruction have been demonstrated, sometimes associated with marked local hypertrophy of the myocardium, especially the interv...

OBJECTIVE The aim was to define the long term prognosis of isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) with anteriorly malaligned outlet septum. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING University hospital, tertiary medical care centre. PATIENTS Between July 1986 and June 1993, 63 patients were studied with an isolated VSD and anteriorly malaligned outlet septum (59 perimembranous; 4 muscular outlet). ...