The development of an effective vaccine is critical for prevention of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pandemic. Some studies have indicated the receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of MERS-CoV spike (S) is a good candidate antigen for a MERS-CoV subunit vaccine. However, highly purified proteins are typically not inherently immunogenic. We hypothesised that humoral an...

Influenza vaccines can be categorized in two basic groups—live, which contain small amounts of live, attenuated (weakened) influenza viruses, and inactivated, which contain either whole influenza viruses or subunits of viruses. Only inactivated influenza viruses are licensed for general use in the United States; therefore, this discussion of vaccine safety and efficacy pertains exclusively to i...

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis in humans and, in a subgroup of infected subjects, a more serious condition called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions arise because EHEC produces two antigenically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx), called Stx1 and Stx2. Despite this, the production of Stx2 by virtually all EHEC serotypes and the documented ro...

background and objectives: baculovirus can be used as a vector in gene delivery system. viral envelope of baculovirus would display expressed protein/peptide and it could render as a potential vaccine delivery system. in this regard, the gene coding for a subunit of shiga toxin (stxa) from escherichia coli ( e. coli ) strain was cloned in a baculovirus expression system. stxa subunit has the ab...

Cynomolgus macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were immunized twice intramuscularly, either with a conventional non-adjuvanted subunit vaccine or with a candidate immune-stimulating complex (iscom) vaccine, each containing 10 micrograms envelope glycoprotein of a recent human influenza A(H3N2) virus (A/Netherlands/18/94). In contrast to the macaques vaccinated with the classical subunit vacci...

The coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic with people infected in almost all countries. most efficient solution to end this is safe and vaccine. Classic platforms are used develop vaccines including live-attenuated vaccine, inactivated protein subunit viral vector. Nucleic acid vaccine uses next-generation for their develop...

The preparation and preliminary testing of a subunit ISCOM (immunostimulating complex) vaccine against bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is described. Vaccination of calves with this vaccine yields high neutralising titres against a panel of Danish BVDV field isolates. The serological difference between virus isolates and vaccine strain selection is discussed.

background and objectives: brucellosis is an important health problem in developing countries and no vaccine is available for the prevention of infection in humans. because of clinically infectious diseases and their economic consequences in human and animals, designing a proper vaccine against brucella is desirable. in this study, we evaluated the immune responses induced by a designed recombi...

UNLABELLED Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic emerging virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae. HeV causes severe and often fatal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in both animals and humans. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs approved for human use. A number of animal models have been developed for studying HeV infection, with the African green monkey (AGM) ap...