The transport by molecular motors along cytoskeletal filaments is studied theoretically in the presence of static defects. The movements of single motors are described as biased random walks along the filament as well as binding to and unbinding from the filament. Three basic types of defects are distinguished, which differ from normal filament sites only in one of the motors’ transition probab...

Recent experiments reveal both passive subdiffusion of various nanoparticles and anomalous active transport of such particles by molecular motors in the molecularly crowded environment of living biological cells. Passive and active microrheology reveals that the origin of this anomalous dynamics is due to the viscoelasticity of the intracellular fluid. How do molecular motors perform in such a ...

Three protein motors have been unambiguously identified as rotary engines: the bacterial flagellar motor and the two motors that constitute ATP synthase (F(0)F(1) ATPase). Of these, the bacterial flagellar motor and F(0) motors derive their energy from a transmembrane ion-motive force, whereas the F(1) motor is driven by ATP hydrolysis. Here, we review the current understanding of how these pro...

Electric motors are the largest consumer of world electric energy, consuming more than twice as much as lighting, the next largest consumer. Electric motors account for between 43 and 46% of all global electricity consumption approximately. They give rise to about 6 040 Mt of CO2 emissions. End‐users approximately spend USD 565 billion per year on electricity [1]. In recent years, increase in e...

This paper inspects the misaligned motors by using diagnostic medium such as current, flux and instantaneous power signal. Misalignments in machines can cause decrease in efficiency and in the long-run it may cause disastrous failure because of unnecessary vibration, stress on motor & bearings and short-circuiting in stator and rotor windings. The measurements have been performed at full-load t...

Protein motors play a central role in many cell functions. Understanding the operating principles of molecular motors is crucial to comprehending intracellular protein transport and cell motility. Due to the small size and the negligible inertia of molecular motors, the motor motion is damped by high viscous friction and is subject to large thermal excitations form the surrounding fluid environ...

today, dc motors is still being used globally due to their easy speed controllability. in this article, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis) controller is designed for dc motors. the main purpose of performing such task is to reduce the dc motor starting current and deleting the ripple current during starting time in considering control parameters such as: rise time, settling time, ...

Successful endodontic treatment mainly relies on preserving the original anatomy of the root canal while avoiding instrument fractures and iatrogenic preparation errors, such as loss of working length, zipping, or ledging [1,2]. In most cases, rotary instrumentation has proved a valuable advancement for meeting these parameters. Unlike stainless steel files, nickel-titanium instruments have suf...

Animal- and human-made motors vary widely in size and shape, are constructed of vastly different materials, use different mechanisms, and produce an enormous range of mass-specific power. Despite these differences, there is remarkable consistency in the maximum net force produced by broad classes of animal- and human-made motors. Motors that use force production to accomplish steady translation...