a country like iran is a remarkable example of monolingualism, bilingualism, and multilingualism. there is hardly any valid argument against the potential magnitude of various forms of linguistic, sociocultural, anthropological, etc research studies conductible in iran due to this immense linguistic diversity. this plus the fact that primary, junior high, and high school education all over this...

This paper investigates how bilingualism is understood and practiced by adults and students in a dual-language elementary school. In this dual-language program, native English speakers and native Spanish speakers receive language and content instruction in both languages in linguistically integrated settings. I examine the participants’ use of “tactics of intersubjectivity” to understand how ch...

This research aims to discuss qualitative with the literature study method. The method used is method, data collection by finding sources and constructing from various such as books, journals, pre-existing research. Therefore, carried out a design whose findings are not obtained through procedures or in form of calculating numbers, but describe holistic-contextual phenomena collecting researche...

The present study investigated the pragmatic awareness and production of Iranian Turkish and Persian EFL learners in the speech act of apology. Sixty-eight learners of English studying at several universities in Iran were selected based on simple random sampling as the monolingual and bilingual participants. Data were elicited by means of a written discourse self-assessment/completion test (WDS...

This paper reports on the ground-breaking research in the study of languages in doctoral education. It argues for democratizing the production and dissemination of original contributions to knowledge through activating and mobilizing multilingual Higher Degree Researchers’ (HDRs) capabilities for theorizing through them using their full linguistic repertoire. This paper contributes to this stud...

Research has shown that writing skill of Iranian learners is not at a satisfactory level. One  of  the  ways  to  develop  writing  ability  is  to  improve  strategic  behavior  of  learners.  The current  study  set  out  to  compare  writing  performances  and  patterns  of  using  metacognitive strategies  in  bilinguals  and  monolinguals  as  well  as  seniors  and  freshmen  students.  A...

BACKGROUND Bilingualism may contribute to cognitive reserve, protect against cognitive decline, and delay the onset of dementia. OBJECTIVE We systematically reviewed evidence about the effect of bilingualism on subsequent cognitive decline or dementia. METHODS We searched electronic databases and references for longitudinal studies comparing cognitive decline in people who were bilingual wi...