evaluating and selecting alternatives investment projects needs considering all relevant and important aspects. in traditional methods, the focus is just on tangible monetary criteria. also in the traditional methods, either all the information’s about factors must be known precisely or sufficient objective data must be available for applying probability theory. in this paper, a combinative app...

Emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) weathered the 2009 global recession relatively well. However, impact of varied across economies. EMDEs with stronger pre-crisis fundamentals — such as large foreign exchange reserves, sound fiscal positions, low inflation suffered milder growth slowdowns, in part due to their greater capacity engage monetary stimulus. Low-income countries were al...

The impact of the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on relatively disadvantaged groups, including Mexican women, has provoked heated debate for over a decade and continues to divide opinions on NAFTA’s merits. This study uses a differences-in-differences approach to examine how NAFTA affected the female labor participation rate (FLP) in different Mexican regions. NAFTA increased ...

abstract this study uses annual data over the period 2005-2014 and the panel vecm approach to examine financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness in africa. the study shows that financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness are linked by a set of long-run relationships. policy reaction to the positive financial inclusion shock is not significant. policy reaction to the positiv...

abstract in present paper has tried to examine and investigate quality of effectiveness of monetary shocks on the growth of agricultural sector by using time series dataes of iran economy during 1960-2006 , filter hodric-prescott method and liner regressive models. the resultes show that qualily of effectiveness monetary shocks on growth of agricultural sector is asymmetric and length of effect...

Whether macroeconomic fundamentals affect the exchange rate volatility in emerging markets with an inflation-targeting regime or not is highly challenging. In this paper, impact of current account deficits and foreign reserves on real rates. Applying threshold quantile regression models related to Indonesia over period from 2005(7) 2021(12), it concluded that both variables play important role ...

The first essay empirically models of aggregate fluctuations with two basic ingredients: agents form anticipations about the future based on noisy sources of information; these anticipations affect spending and output in the short run. Our objective is to separate fluctuations due to actual changes in fundamentals (news) from those due to temporary errors in the private sector's estimates of th...

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) promise many benefits but, if not well designed, they could have undesired consequences, including for monetary policy. Issuing an unremunerated CBDC or a wholesale does change the objectives of policy operational framework CBDCs can, however, induce changes in retail, and cross border payments that negative spillover effects on policy, through their mone...

The volatility of the exchange rate is commonplace for every open economies. If excessive, it would have severe implications country’s international trades. Using ARDL and cointegration bound tests on quarterly data [2000:Q2–2022:Q3], study empirically explore how other macroeconomic variables impacts real exports imports demands Nigeria. evidence identify trade’ parsimonious models disclose a ...