The population of monarch butterflies east of the Rocky Mountains has experienced a significant decline over the past 20 yr. In order to increase monarch numbers in the breeding range, habitat restoration that includes planting milkweed plants is essential. Milkweeds in the genus Asclepias and Cynanchum are the only host plants for larval monarch butterflies in North America, but larval perform...

Abstract Introduction The steep population decline of the emblematic monarch butterfly is caused mainly by reduction food sources for caterpillars and adults, as well disturbance in its overwintering forests. Although feeding at sites Mexico has long been considered unimportant, observations show that butterflies feed inside outside their forests on sunny days. Nectaring close to hibernation co...

Lévy flight is a random walk mechanism which can make large jumps at local locations with high probability. The probability density distribution of was characterized by sharp peaks, asymmetry, and trailing. Its movement pattern alternated between frequent short-distance occasional long-distance jumps, jump out optimal expand the population search area. metaheuristic algorithms are inspired natu...