The work presented in this paper investigates the strength of moment-resisiting apex brackets cold-formed steel portal frames. results two previously reported full-scale frame tests, where frames failed through buckling bracket, were used to validate a finite element model that included material nonlinearity, geometric imperfections, and bolt bearing behaviour. From test as well results, import...

Fragility curves represent the probabilities that structural damages, under various levels of seismic excitation, will exceed the specified damage states by means of earthquake intensity damage relations. Conceptual aspects related to seismic vulnerability, damage and risk evaluation are discussed first, together with a short review of the most widely used possibilities for the seismic evaluati...

A simplified fragility analysis of steel building frame is presented which can be used for preliminary estimate of its probability of failure. The risk analysis procedure uses the format of probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) and considers band limited white noise at the bed rock as the seismic input. The steel building frame is modeled as a 2D frame and Pushover analysis is then carried out to o...

Recent investigations have shown that the influences of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) may be detrimental to the seismic response of structure, and hence neglecting this phenomenon in analysis and design may lead to an un-conservative design. The objective of this paper is to quantify the effects of nonlinear soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of a low-rise special moment fram...

The main purpose of this paper was to use a combination of Energy-based design method and whale algorithm (WOA), hereinafter referred to as E-WOA, to optimize steel moment frames and improve the seismic performance. In E-WOA, by properly estimating the seismic input energy and determining the optimal mechanism for the structure, steel frames are designed based on the energy balance method; acco...

Since the 19th century, portal frames have been used to build industrial buildings because development process is fast, economical, and efficient. This research aims look at cross-section of structural elements in BS 5950-1:2000 spans 15 m 40 using SNI 1726:2019 with modal analysis, including horizontal deflection stress ratio, LRFD ASD methods. Then, structure was revised be safe against earth...

Multi-level shaking table tests were performed on a 1:3 reduced scale two-story reinforced concrete (RC) intermediate moment resisting frame (IMRF) conforming to the requirements given in ACI-318-19. The exterior joints lacked shear reinforcement assess viability of ACI model recommended for determining design strength beam–column joint panel. One horizontal components 1994 Northridge earthquak...