extended abstract introduction school of modernism started between 1920 until 1930 in both sides of atlantic ocean. however, one can see its signs in the first movements in planning about the garden city ideas. the idea of modernism happened at the same time in architecture and this paradigm was dominant until late 1960. in twentieth century, the limitations of natural resources were understoo...

muslim philosophers have since their long history encountered lots of severe surges of doubts and oppositions, so they did their best to remove them all through deep investigation which brought about the progress of islamic philosophy both in quantity and quality. muslim philosophers were sometimes challenged by such questions as, determinism, the temporal creation of the world, the otherness o...