Bureaucracy is featured by vertical hierarchical structure in which the decision maker usually lacks direct access to the informed agent, and the span of discretionary authority decreases top down. In this paper we investigate the delegation scheme in three-level hierarchies. The minister delegates authority to a biased senior bureaucrat, then the senior can make further delegation decision to ...

The standard theory of tax smoothing says that the government runs a deficit to finance investment projects with a market rate of return and temporary high levels of public consumption. Taxes are used to finance permanent spending and losses on public investment. Deficit financing is used to offset some of the short-run costs of structural reforms. A prudent government deliberately downplays ex...

Since South Africa became a democratic country in 1994, the higher education sector has been faced with the challenge of transformation and restructuring. The Minister of Education in the Education White Paper 3 stated that "the higher education system must be transformed to redress the past inequities, to serve a new social order, to meet pressing national needs and to respond to realities and...

National Forum on Health, Canada Health Action: Building on the Legacy – Final Report of the National Forum on Health (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1997) at 20. Auditor General of Canada, Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons, 1999 – Chapter 29: Federal Support of Health Care Delivery (Ottawa; Minister of Public Works and Government Service...