Due to both internal and external factors, Western Asia has long been suffering from security problems and political instability. The institution of various military and militia groups in the region in the absence of powerful central governments is the focal point of the crises, where the internal and external factors meet. The development of such security and military interactions outside the ...

Sparked by concerns about their shrinking market share, 14 leading U.S. semiconductor producers, with the financial assistance of the U.S. government in the form of $100 million in annual subsidies, formed a joint R&D consortium Sematech in 1987. Using Compustat data on all U.S. semiconductor firms, we estimate the effects of Sematech on members’ R&D spending, profitability, investment, and pro...

Ever since the rise of professionalism in 1932, more than 500 Algerian footballers have taken part National Championship France. Their story is result a common, troubled period. Based on cross-referencing written and oral sources collected France, Switzerland Algeria, including approximately sixty interviews with former professional players from all generations, focus this study brutal national...