نتایج جستجو برای: middle income class
تعداد نتایج: 631856 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
OBJECTIVES To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 and to assess the appropriateness of different measures of affordability. DESIGN Two existing measures were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the measure of income, while "minutes of labour" is base...
aims: this study aims to review the economic cost of childhood (0-18 years) unintentional injuries (ui) and focuses upon comparing the cost burden between developing and developed countries. methods: articles were selected from pubmed using the search words “economic cost”, “unintentional injuries” and “children”. nine articles were selected. results: studies in china focused upon cost to hospi...
The middle class has become an important force in enhancing social cohesion and alleviating the polarisation between rich poor. However, extent of vulnerability is not yet known, especially developing countries, where a large proportion middle-income households are still vulnerable severely vulnerable. This study provides insights into their countries. Specifically, this utilizes Vulnerability ...
BACKGROUND The associations between socioeconomic status and community-acquired pneumonia outcomes in adults have been studied although studies did not always document a relationship.The aim of this multicenter observational study was to determine the association between socioeconomic status and community-acquired pneumonia outcomes in the elderly, in the context of a public health system provi...
Background and aims Problem and pathological gambling have been associated with elevated rates of both Axis-I and Axis-II psychiatric disorders. Although both problem gambling and psychiatric disorders have been reported as being more prevalent among lower income vs. middle/higher income groups, how income might moderate the relationship between problem-gambling severity and psychopathology is ...
This paper studies the role of the host country’s market size in the determination of foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade flows in a general equilibrium model. We propose a simple model with non-homothetic consumer behavior where the distribution of income in the host country implies market segmentation. Facing a proximity-concentration trade-off, in equilibrium ex-ante identical firms ch...
Introduction: Institutional housing is multi-functional that in order to form it different dimensions must be considered. One of the most important of these dimensions is the social class of its inhabitants. Its social and cultural factors influence the formation of social classes in any society. The modernization of government in the Pahlavi era led to the formation of a new middle class along...
Several recent studies have suggested that the distribution of income (earnings, jobs) is becoming more polarized. Much of the evidence presented in support of this view consists of demonstrating that the population share in an arbitrarily chosen middle income class has fallen. However, such evidence can be criticized as being range-specific – depending on the particular cutoffs selected. In th...
BACKGROUND More than 80% of deaths from cardiovascular disease are estimated to occur in low-income and middle-income countries, but the reasons are unknown. METHODS We enrolled 156,424 persons from 628 urban and rural communities in 17 countries (3 high-income, 10 middle-income, and 4 low-income countries) and assessed their cardiovascular risk using the INTERHEART Risk Score, a validated sc...
We consider a repeated electoral competition game between two parties, each representing a constituent with a given income level. Parties are unable to commit to a policy before the election; they choose a non-linear income tax schedule once elected. In each period, citizens cast a vote either for the incumbent or for the challenger. We first show that there exist (pure strategy) subgame perfec...
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