We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a circuit we call the Statistics Module that captures cycle-accurate performance profiling at (or above) the microarchitecture layer. The circuit is deployed using an FPGA in the context of a soft-core characterization of a SPARC architecture (LEON). Accessible over the Internet, the circuit can be dynamically configured to capture progra...

Superscalar processing is the latest in a long series of innovations aimed at producing ever-faster microprocessors. By exploiting instruction-level parallelism, superscalar processors are capable of executing more than one instruction in a clock cycle. This paper discusses the microarchitecture of superscalar processors. We begin with a discussion of the general problem solved by superscalar p...

This lecture presents a study of the microarchitecture of contemporary microprocessors. The focus is on implementation aspects, with discussions on their implications in terms of performance, power, and cost of state-of-the-art designs. The lecture starts with an overview of the different types of microprocessors and a review of the microarchitecture of cache memories. Then, it describes the im...

In this paper we describe the UPFAST system that automatically generates a cycle level simulator, an assembler and a disassembler from a microarchitec-ture speciication written in a domain speciic language called the Architecture Description Language (ADL). Using the UPFAST system it is easy to retarget a sim-ulator for an existing architecture to a modiied architecture since one has to simply ...

Embedded applications are held to a higher standard than desktop applications along a number of dimensions. Not only must the functionality of the application be correct, it often must meet strict time constraints and function with restrictive resource limitations (e.g., memory size, power, weight). Conversely, the hardware systems used to execute embedded applications are often dedicated to th...

The ability of a vertebra to carry load after an initial deformation and the determinants of this postfracture load-bearing capacity are critical but poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the mechanical behavior of vertebrae after simulated mild fracture and to identify the determinants of this postfracture behavior. Twenty-one human L(3) vertebrae were analyzed for bone mineral dens...

CONTEXT Premenopausal women with idiopathic osteoporosis (IOP) have abnormal cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that teriparatide increases bone mineral density (BMD) and bone formation and improves trabecular microarchitecture and stiffness in women with IOP. DESIGN This was an open-label pilot study. SETTING The...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the trabecular bone microarchitecture and cortical bone morphology by using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and dental cone-beam computed tomography (dental CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen femurs and eight fifth lumbar vertebrae were collected from eight male Sprague Dawley rats. Four trabecular bone microa...

BACKGROUND The properties of subchondral bone influence the integrity of articular cartilage in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the characteristics of subchondral bone alterations remain unresolved. The present study aimed to observe the dynamic alterations in the microarchitecture, mineralization, and mechanical properties of subchondral bone during the progression of OA. M...