Gold nanoparticles are emerging as promising agents for cancer therapy and are being investigated as drug carriers, photothermal agents, contrast agents and radiosensitisers. This review introduces the field of nanotechnology with a focus on recent gold nanoparticle research which has led to early-phase clinical trials. In particular, the pre-clinical evidence for gold nanoparticles as sensitis...

Abstract Starting from a frequency diffusion process for tagged photon which simulates relaxation to the Planck law, we introduce resetting where photons lower their at random times. We consider two versions, one low is independent of existing and second case reduction in scales with original frequency. The result nonlinear Markov stationary distribution modifies law by abundance low-frequency ...

Background: This study aims to investigate radiation beam geometry of Cyberknife beam and change in dosimetric characteristics of six megavoltage (6MV) flattening filter free (FFF) beam after passing through high density cadmium free compensator alloy.Material and Methods: In this experimental study, changes in FFF beam dosimetric characteristics after passing through compensator alloy wa...

Helical tomotherapy presented many unique dosimetric challenges and solutions during the initial commissioning process, and some of them are presented. The dose calculation algorithm is convolution/superposition based. This requires that the energy fluence spectrum and magnitude be quantified. The methodology for doing so is described. Aspects of the energy fluence characterization that are uni...

A digital phantom was created from a CT scan of patient’s head and employed together with GATE 8.2 Monte Carlo modeling linear accelerator nominal 6 MV energy to simulate an irradiation geometry for typical tumor volume centrally within the brain region. Although simplistic in arrangement, this setup considered appropriate demonstrate dose enhancements that may be expected megavoltage external ...

The classical free-space solutions of Maxwell's equations for light propagation in one dimension include wave packets any shape that travel at the speed light. This includes highly-localised remain localised all times. Motivated by this observation, paper builds on recent work Southall et al. [J. Mod. Opt. 68, 647 (2021)] and shows a local description quantised electromagnetic field, which supp...