An implicit function is defined to be the zero set of a scalar function F over space. Further, for points not on the implicit function, the sign of this scalar function tells us whether the point lies inside or outside the implicit function. The choice of whether positive values are inside or outside is arbitrary, since we may multiply an implicit function by −1 and change the notion of inside ...

Recent work in formal pragmatics has devoted much attention to the question of whether scalar implicatures are generated by conversational reasoning or by grammatical devices. The former approach has been dominant for some time, due in large measure to the work of Grice (1975, 1989). However, there has been a recent flourishing of grammatically-oriented alternatives in which scalar implicatures...

a fuzzy observer based scheme for synchronizing two hyperchaoticoscillators via a scalar transmitted signal for cryptographic application isproposed. the takagi-sugeno fuzzy model exactly represents chaotic systems.based on the general fuzzy model, the fuzzy observer of a chaotic system isdesigned on the basis of the n-shift multiple state based key encryption algorithm.the scalar transmitted s...

Evolution of morphogenesis is generally associated with changes in genetic regulation. Here, we report evidence indicating that dorsal closure, a conserved morphogenetic process in dipterans, evolved as the consequence of rearrangements in epithelial organization rather than signaling regulation. In Drosophila melanogaster, dorsal closure consists of a two-tissue system where the contraction of...

In this paper, using a personal computer (PC), the practical implementation of scalar and vector control methods on a three–phase rotor surface- type permanent magnet synchronous machine drive is discussed. Based on the machine dynamic equations and the above control strategies, two block diagrams are presented first for closed-loop speed controlling of the machine drive/system. Then, the desig...

equality of -curvatures of the berwald and cartan connections leads to a new class of finsler metrics, so-called bc-generalized landsberg metrics. here, we prove that every bc-generalized landsberg metric of scalar flag curvature with dimension greater than two is of constant flag curvature.