Hallux valgus is the abnormal lateral deviation of the great toe. The principal cause is biomechanical, specifically the habitual use of footwear which constricts the toes. In this study, descriptions of the anatomical changes of hallux valgus from published cadaveric and clinical studies were used to generate criteria for identifying the condition in ancient skeletal remains. The value of syst...

1.1 Definition of period The period as defined from political changes runs from c.450 to 1066. The earlier 5th century should ideally be dealt with together with the Roman period but is considered here because the only significant evidence presently available is from comparison of the pattern revealed in the early Saxon period with that found in the Roman period. Even more importantly, there is...

Despite the appearance of ‘obligation’ in their name, medieval obligational disputations between an Opponent and a Respondent seem to many to be unrelated to deontic logic. However, given that some of the example disputations found in medieval texts involve Respondent reasoning about his obligations within the context of the disputation, it is clear that some sort of deontic reasoning is involv...

The Regesta Imperii (RI) are an important source for research in European-medieval history. Sources spread over many centuries of medieval history – mainly charters of German-Roman Emperors – are summarized as “Regests” and pooled in the RI. Interesting medieval demographic groups and players are i.a. cities, citizens or spiritual institutions (e.g. bishops or monasteries). Themes of historical...

to poor priests and scholars, corrodarians, and a staff of craftsmen is seen not as the perversion of charity to the deserving poor but rather as its extension. Fifth, the medieval hospital is firmly established as a major type of religious house-one that from now on will have to be given a considerable place in any synoptic study of music, education, architecture, and a number of other topics ...

In medieval society one of the main functions of a saint was healing people. Similarly to Christ, whose contemporaries were awed by his ability to cure the sick, the medieval saint was expected to have an ability to perform miraculous healings. Hagiographic literature clearly indicates that health was the most called for miracle: people turned to saints not as much for the blessing of soul but ...

In this paper we provide textual evidence on the sophistication of medieval deterrence strategies. Drawing on one of the great opera librettos based on medieval sources, Wagner’s Tannhäuser, we shall illustrate the use of optimal randomization strategies that can be derived by applying notions of dominance or trembling-hand perfection. Particular attention is paid to the employed randomization ...

cataract has a long history and was known about 2500 bc in egypt. in the medieval times, physicians and surgeons used surgical approaches to ease cataract (āb morvārid). albucasis, as a great spanish muslim surgeon (936-1013 ad) has a detailed and accurate description of cataract surgery procedure and patient care in his manuscript, al tasreef. his description can show surgical development to e...

[248] The passage of Greek science into Western Europe through medieval Spain has been one of the focal points of medieval intellectual history. Although the movement has been typically portrayed as a bipartite one, with translation from Greek into Arabic anteceding the flourescence of Arabic science in the ninth century, and a later phase of translation from Arabic into Latin (eleventh and twe...