BACKGROUND The intended meaning behind responses to standard questions posed in large-scale health surveys are not always well understood. Systematic follow-up studies, particularly those which pose a few repeated questions followed by open-ended discussions, are well positioned to gauge stability and consistency of data and to shed light on the intended meaning behind survey responses. Such fo...

In this paper, we survey different types of Models of culture for virtual humans. Virtual humans are artificial agents that include both a visual human-like body and intelligent cognition driving action of the body. Culture covers a wide range of common knowledge of behavior and communication that can be used in a number of ways including interpreting the meaning of action, establishing identit...

The meaning of a wide variety of natural language expressions can be stated in terms of degrees on scales. This paper provides an overview of the contribution of scales to linguistic meaning. I discuss the ontology of scales, survey the role of scalarity within and across languages, and summarize recent research into the linguistically relevant features of scales, organizing these findings into...

The meaning of a wide variety of natural language expressions can be stated in terms of degrees on scales. This paper provides an overview of the contribution of scales to linguistic meaning. I discuss the ontology of scales, survey the role of scalarity within and across languages, and summarize recent research into the linguistically relevant features of scales, with the goal of developing a ...

Whenever the text contains multiple ways of saying “the same thing,” but the application requires the same treatment of those various alternatives, an automated paraphrase recognition mechanism would be useful. One reason why paraphrase recognition systems have been difficult to build is because paraphrases are hard to define. Although the strict interpretation of the term “paraphrase” is quite...

the present article is about the zemakhshari’s al-kashaf commentary. in this book the author has paid a lot of attention to the literary aspects of quran.one of the most important aspects of this commentary is it’s lexical analysis of the words. the researcher then compares these analyses with those which exist in quran while providing reasons and explaining his views about them.

We present new methods for pruning and enhancing itemsets for text classification via association rule mining. Pruning methods are based on dependency syntax and enhancing methods are based on replacing words by their hyperonyms of various orders. We discuss the impact of these methods, compared to pruning based on tfidf rank of words.

Much recent work in computational linguistics emphasizes the role of lexical information in syntactic representation and processing. In this paper, I propose to represent syntax as an abstraction of subcategorization frames, from a word-speciic level to a general, abstract level (syntactic categories). The representation is linguistically perspicuous, and useful for processing. I deene a parsin...