Manually performed treebanking is an expensive effort compared with automatic annotation. In return, manual treebanking is generally believed to provide higherquality/value syntactic annotation than automatic methods. Unfortunately, there is little or no empirical evidence for or against this belief, though arguments have been voiced for the high degree of subjectivity in other levels of lingui...

Similarity between words is becoming a generic problem for many applications of computational linguistics, and computing word similarities is determined by word representations. Inspired by the analogies between words and lymphocytes, a lymphocyte-style word representation is proposed. The word representation is built on the basis of dependency syntax of sentences and represent word context as ...

We describe the methods and resources used to build FinnTreeBank-3, a 76.4 million token corpus of Finnish with automatically produced morphological and dependency syntax analyses. Starting from a definition of the target dependency scheme, we show how existing resources are transformed to conform to this definition and subsequently used to develop a parsing pipeline capable of processing a lar...

In the 1960s, scientists were conquering improbable frontiers: the moon was about to be walked upon; the brain cracked open. Neuroscientists were discovering that the secrets of the visual cortex could be broken with single-cell recordings and new anatomical tracing techniques, revealing an extraordinary organization: columns of cells responsive to only one eye; single cells tuned to a specific...

For more than twenty years, I shared an office with Francis Crick, beginning in one large room in the Austin wing of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, where we also had five other people at their desks and, for a short while, some of our lab dishwashing. In 1959, we moved to a small room with two desks in a hut and this was followed by a succession of two other offices in the MR...

After a distinguished career of research and teaching, Melvin Calvin died in Berkeley, California on 8 January 1997, at the age of 85. Throughout his life, Calvin exhibited an intense curiosity that drove his scientific research. Although he may be best known for his contributions to our knowledge of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation and reduction, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize ...