Services are subject to constant change and variation. Services can evolve typically due to changes in structure, e.g., attributes and operations; in behavior and policies, e.g., adding new business rules and regulations, in types of business-related events; and in business protocols. This paper introduces two types of service changes: shallow changes where changes are confined to services or t...

The hospital experience can be disempowering and disorientating. Patients are deprived of sleep deprivation and exposed to constant noise, frequent interruptions, an unfamiliar environment filled with changing health professionals and ancillary staff, as well as medications often fraught with physical or psychoactive side-effects. These conditions often lead to discomfort and anxiety, and commo...

This paper constructs a macroeconomic model of North-South interaction where the flow of narcotics from the South to the North is restricted. Their economic effects are akin to quantitative restrictions in trade policy. Two alternative policy scenarios will be considered. One involves reducing the supply of drugs at source, accompanied by aid. Supply side restrictions have negative aggregate su...

Several techniques have been proposed to prevent hypotension in obstetric patients. Ephedrine and phenylephrine are individually used to prevent maternal hypotension; however, each has its own drawbacks. Some researchers have reported that the infusion of combined ephedrine and phenylephrine immediately after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery reduces the incidence of maternal hypotension....