Much research on elemental causal learning has focused on how causal strength is learned from the states of variables. In longitudinal contexts, the way a cause and effect change over time can be informative of the underlying causal relationship. We propose a framework for inferring the causal strength from different observed transitions, and compare the predictions to existing models of causal...

The compensatory model of motivation and volition is based on the assumption that discrepancies between implicit and explicit motives lead to psychological conflict, and that resolution of this conflict requires volitional regulation and consumes volitional strength. This suggests that implicit/explicit motive discrepancies (IED) are responsible for decreases in volitional strength. A longitudi...

We have found that when suprathreshold cathodal stimuli were applied to the epicardium of canine ventricle, impulse propagation originated at a "virtual cathode" with dimensions greater than those of the physical cathode. We report the two-dimensional geometry of the virtual cathode as a function of stimulus strength; the results are compared with the predictions of an anisotropic, bidomain mod...

CONTEXT To our knowledge, no previous studies examined the longitudinal relationship between vitamin D status and pulmonary function in a population-based sample of older persons. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the cross-sectional as well as the longitudinal relationship between vitamin D status and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in a representative sample of the Dutch older populat...

Wegeneralize the theory of Cooper-pairing by spin excitations in themetallic antiferromagnetic state to include situationswith electron and/or hole pockets.We show that Cooper-pairing arises from transverse spinwaves and fromgapped longitudinal spinfluctuations of comparable strength. However, each of these interactions, projected on a particular symmetry of the superconducting gap, acts primar...

In this research, using the results of 6 tests, the effect of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets on the behavior of reinforced concrete coupling beams of shear walls is studied. First, in the experimental part of the study, four coupling beams with different reinforcements were manufactured and tested. Then, after the failure of the specimens, two of them were rehabilitated and stren...

In the past a longitudinal dipole-coupled bunch instability had limited high current operation at CESR and resulted in a degradation of luminosity performance. A longitudinal feedback system successfully damps this instability and the exchange of superconducting rf cavities for normal conducting rf cavities in CESR has further reduced the instability's strength. A description of the longitudina...

High signal-to-noise ratio spectra of Europa and Callisto’s trailing side show a 0.3% deep 5771 Å absorption band due to condensed O2 at the same wavelength as a stronger band previously identified on Ganymede. Excellent longitudinal coverage for Europa shows that unlike Ganymede, where the band is much stronger on the trailing side, Europa shows no significant longitudinal variation in the O2 ...

In this paper, use of folded patterns as core structures for paper-based flexible wall panels and floorboards building materials was investigated. Effect of changing the geometrical parameters/conditions of the Chevron and the Mating Surfaces Chevron (MSC) patterns on panel core structure performance were studied, aim is to achieve high compressive strength and equal bending stiffness in both t...

Background: The DNA methylation-based ‘epigenetic clock’ correlates strongly with chronological age, but it is currently unclear what drives individual differences. We examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the epigenetic clock and four mortality-linked markers of physical and mental fitness: lung function, walking speed, grip strength and cognitive ability. Methods: DNA ...