Prior studies have shown that neurons within the spinal cord are sensitive to response-outcome relations, a form of instrumental learning. Spinally transected rats that receive shock to one hind leg learn to maintain the leg in a flexed position that minimizes net shock exposure (controllable shock). Prior exposure to uncontrollable stimulation (intermittent shock) inhibits this spinally mediat...

Several studies have demonstrated that motor adaptations to a novel task environment can be transferred between limbs. Such interlimb transfer of motor commands is consistent with the notion of centrally driven strategies that can be generalized across different frames of reference. So far, studies of interlimb transfer of locomotor adaptations have yielded disparate results. Here we sought to ...

BACKGROUND Locomotor training, including the use of body-weight support in treadmill stepping, is a physical therapy intervention used to improve recovery of the ability to walk after stroke. The effectiveness and appropriate timing of this intervention have not been established. METHODS We stratified 408 participants who had had a stroke 2 months earlier according to the extent of walking im...

introduction: autism spectrum disorders (asd) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders that are defined with a wide range of behavioral impairments including social and communication deficits. apart from these core symptoms, a significant number of asd individuals display higher levels of anxiety. the present study is designed to understand the antioxidant efficacy of hesperetin...

Caffeine is the psychostimulant drug most consumed in the world. This drug is present in food, beverages and medicines marketed for individuals of all ages. In spite of this, caffeine effects on adolescents are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences on caffeine-induced locomotor stimulant or depressant effects in adolescent and adult rats. Adolescent (37-40 day...

Locomotor and manipulative movements are basic that important to be mastered at the age of 9-10 years because they can affect movement play activities. The purpose this study was identify compare children aged in lowlands highlands. This research is a comparative with quantitative descriptive survey method. results data have been analyzed using normality test obtained significant value 0.064 &g...

Human walking must be flexible enough to accommodate many contexts and goals. One form of this flexibility is locomotor adaptation: a practice-dependent alteration to walking occurring in response to some novel perturbing stimulus. Although studies have examined locomotor adaptation and its storage by the CNS in humans, it remains unclear whether altered movements occurring in the leg contralat...