A large body of literature considers the productive advantages cities, or “agglomeration economies”. Most empirical studies report positive agglomeration economies, although variation exists in magnitude estimates. We use a meta-analysis to explore this variation, drawing on 6,684 estimates from 295 that cover 54 countries and span six decades. Using rich data robust methods, we unify extend ea...

This paper examines the extent to which agglomeration of the hospital service industry enhances the productivity of producing health care. Specifically, we use a large set of private insurance claims from the FAIR Health database to show that an increasing spatial concentration of hospital services results in a decreased cost of obtaining intermediate medical services. We explicitly test whethe...