Induction of strong cellular immunity will be important for AIDS vaccine candidates. Natural infection with wild-type Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), an orally transmitted organism, is known to generate strong cellular immunity, thus raising the possibility that live attenuated Lm could serve as a vaccine vector. We sought to examine the potential of live attenuated Lm to induce cellular immune re...

Both the magnitude and function of vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD8+ CTLs are likely to be important in the outcome of infection. We hypothesized that rapid cytolysis by CTLs may facilitate control of viral challenge. Release kinetics of the cytolytic effector molecules granzyme B and perforin, as well as the expression of the degranulation marker CD107a and IFN-gamma were simultaneously studie...

Poliovirus live virus vectors are a candidate recombinant vaccine system. Previous studies using this system showed that a live poliovirus vector expressing a foreign antigen between the structural and nonstructural proteins generates both antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in mice. Here we describe a novel in vitro method of cloning recombinant polioviruses involving a hybrid-PCR ap...

A vector has been constructed to allow genetic fusions of guest antigens via a hinge domain to the C terminus of the highly immunogenic C fragment of tetanus toxin. A fusion has been constructed with the gene encoding the protective 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) from Schistosoma mansoni. The recombinant vector has been electroporated into the nonvirulent Salmonella typhimurium ...

I have been working in VR and interactive 3D for a long time. I have had the pleasure of knowing and working with many of the people that are directly responsible for creating the magic in the world that we live in today. These are the people that started with a virtual blank page and created their own reality. Their vision defined a vector into their future that we have had the privilege of ex...

Characterizing the vector competence of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama for 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,' the pathogen causing citrus greening, is essential for understanding the epidemiology of this disease that is threatening the U.S. citrus industry. Vector competence studies have been difficult because of the biology of D. citri, the inability to culture the pathogen, and the available dia...

We propose recurrent support vector machine (RSVM) for slot tagging. This model is a combination of the recurrent neural network (RNN) and the structured support vector machine. RNN extracts features from the input sequence. The structured support vector machine uses a sequence-level discriminative objective function. The proposed model therefore combines the sequence representation capability ...

The vaccine against yellow fever is one of the safest and most effective ever developed. With an outstanding record in humans, has this live attenuated vaccine been overlooked as a promising vector for the development of vaccines against pathogens outside its own genus? Recent studies, including a report by Tao et al. on page 201 of this issue, have sparked renewed interest.

Background Live influenza vaccines trigger all major components of the anti-flu immune response machinery and have been included in the global WHO program on the pandemic preparedness. Key advantages of using live vaccines include a feasibility of intranasal administration, opportunity to rapidly scale up production of the viral substance, simplicity of vaccination, and robust protection agains...