AO3 Show understanding of the relationships between texts and the contexts in which they were written. AO3 is the understanding of the relationship between the ideas in the text and the contexts of the text, such as: • the context in which the text was written • the context within which the text is set (location/social structures and features/ cultural contexts/periods in time) • literary conte...

This article uses psychological and neural theories to illuminate the use of analogies in literary allegories. It shows how new theories of neural representation, encompassing both cognitive and emotional aspects, have the potential to make sense of many kinds of literary comparisons including allegories. The main text analyzed is George Orwell’s Animal Farm, whose effectiveness is discussed us...

The study of intertextuality, the shaping of a text’s meaning by other texts, remains a laborious process for the literary critic. Kristeva (Kristeva, 1986) suggests that "Any text is constructed as a mosaic of quotations; any text is the absorption and transformation of another.& The nature of these mosaics is widely varied, from direct quotations representing a simple and overt intertextualit...

Put differently: is it possible to find the conceptual means with which to oppose the central postulate of internal, text-based literary criticism—the total rupture between text and world? Can we propose any theoretical and practical tools that could combat the governing principle of the autonomy of the text, or the alleged independence of the linguistic sphere? To date, the answers given to th...

doing justice to Freud's text, to Schreber's text, and to a few others, less memorable, besides, Chabot baulks at the prospect of writing the history of the real, whether it be of psychoanalysis or of individual texts-all he allows psychoanalysis to aspire to is the narrative history of fiction, in place of the historical reconstruction of (psychic) reality. Reading as a literary critic does, r...

This paper presents how Natural Language Processing is taught to students of a Master’s Degree in Literary Studies. These students’ background is solely humanistic, and they have no knowledge whatsoever of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The challenge is to introduce these students to the main aspects of NLP in a 20-hour course, and show them how they can apply these techniques to the analys...

Since the emergence in the 1960s of English Language as a university subject in its own right, the relationship between the study of literature and the study of language has often been one of bitter rivalry. Literary critics have railed against the ‘cold’, ‘scientific’ approach used by scholars of language in their analyses of literary texts, whilst linguists have accused their literary colleag...

Contrary to perceived wisdom, we explore the role of machine translation (MT) in assisting with the translation of literary texts, considering both its limitations and its potential. Our motivations to explore this subject are twofold: (i) the recent research advances in MT, and (ii) the recent emergence of the ebook, which together allow us for the first time to build literature-specific MT sy...