This empirical study deals with language contact phenomena in Sistan. Code-copying is viewed as a strategy of linguistic behavior when a dominated language acquires new elements in lexicon, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatic organization, etc., which can be interpreted as copies of a dominating language. In this framework Persian is regarded as the model code which provides elements for b...

Hypothesis testing of population parameters plays an important role in statistical analysis. This work extends this topic to the fuzzy environment for wider application. Developing a method of testing fuzzy hypotheses using linguistic variables is of priority concern. The method is based on Zadeh’s extension principle: the fuzzy population mean in the null hypothesis is converted to fuzzy numbe...

The extended TOPSIS method is proposed to solve multi-attribute group decision-making problems which the attribute values take the form of interval grey linguistic variables and attribute weight is unknown. To begin with, the relative concepts of interval grey linguistic variables are defined; the operation rules, the properties, and the distance between the two interval grey linguistic variabl...

In Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, the degree of indirectness of an utterance is presumed to be commensurate with the sum of the variables of Distance, Power and Ranking of an imposition. This claim was tested with reference to a corpus of spontaneous requests from Cypriot Greek. It emerged that, rather than motivating the choice of a ‘generic’ politeness strategy corresponding to a cer...

The cloud model, which can synthetically describe the randomness and fuzziness of qualitative concepts and implement uncertain transformations between a qualitative concept and its quantitative instantiations, has attracted considerable attention from researchers studying multi-criteria group decision-making problems involving linguistic information. In this paper, some operations of clouds and...

We investigate multiple criteria group decision-making problems in which there are priority relationships between the decision elements (criteria and experts), and decision information provided by decision makers takes the form of multigranular uncertain linguistic information. Firstly, some operational laws and possibility degree of multi-granular uncertain linguistic variables are introduced....

this empirical study deals with language contact phenomena in sistan. code-copying is viewed as a strategy of linguistic behavior when a dominated language acquires new elements in lexicon, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatic organization, etc., which can be interpreted as copies of a dominating language. in this framework persian is regarded as the model code which provides elements for b...

Crowdsourcing linguistic phenomena with smartphone applications is relatively new. In linguistics, apps have predominantly been developed to create pronunciation dictionaries, to train acoustic models, and to archive endangered languages. This paper presents the first account of how apps can be used to collect data suitable for documenting language change: we created an app, Dialäkt Äpp (DÄ), w...