Suppression of host innate immunity appears to be required for the establishment of symbiosis between rhizobia and host plants. In this study, we established a system that included a host plant, a bacterial pathogen and a symbiotic rhizobium to study the role of innate immunity during symbiotic interactions. A pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000), was...

Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula represent sister clades within the dicot subclass Rosidae. We used genetic map-based and bacterial artificial chromosome sequence-based approaches to estimate the level of synteny between the genomes of these model plant species. Mapping of 82 tentative orthologous gene pairs reveals a lack of extended macrosynteny between the two genomes, although marker col...

LYK3 is a lysin motif receptor-like kinase of Medicago truncatula, which is essential for the establishment of the nitrogenfixing, root nodule symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti. LYK3 is a putative receptor of S. meliloti Nod factor signals, but little is known of how it is regulated and how it transduces these symbiotic signals. In a screen for LYK3-interacting proteins, we identified M. tr...

The Auxin Response Factor (ARF) family of transcription factors is an important regulator of environmental response and symbiotic nodulation in the legume Medicago truncatula. While previous studies have identified members of this family, a recent spurt in gene expression data coupled with genome update and reannotation calls for a reassessment of the prevalence of ARF genes and their interacti...

Accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) is limited to specific cell types and developmental stages, but little is known about how antagonistically acting transcriptional regulators work together to determine temporal and spatial patterning of pigmentation at the cellular level, especially for PAs. Here, we characterize MYB2, a transcriptional repressor regulating both anthocyan...

IN a previous communication (Raven, Escher, Herrebout, & Leussink, 1958) the maturation of the egg was described in Agriolimax reticulatus, Limax flavus, and Limnaea stagnalis, with special regard to the formation of the second maturation spindle. In the three species the second maturation spindle arises by direct transformation from the deep centrosphere of the first maturation amphiaster. In ...

Immanuel Kant noted this approach would not be suitable for understanding complex systems such as an organism. He said there would never be a " Newton of the blade of grass " : because the blade of grass is more than the sum of its parts, complete knowledge of the parts list will not necessarily be predictive of the behavior of the whole. Fortunately, we don't have to resort to a vitalistic exp...

The objective of this research was to understand the expression characteristics and biological functions Medicago truncatula genes under long-day conditions. leaves “R108” tribulus at branch stage (A), bud (B), initial flowering (C), full (D) were sequenced using RNA-Seq technology. genome truncatula, a related species used as reference for sequence comparison. transcriptomes three adjacent per...

?-glucosidases (BGLUs) hydrolyze the ?-D-glycosidic bond with retention of anomeric configuration. BGLUs were associated many aspects plant physiological processes, in particular biotic and abiotic stresses through activation phytohormones defense compounds. However, studies on systematic analysis stress- or hormone-responsive BGLU genes are still rare. In this study, total 51 glycoside hydrola...