Veterinary acupuncture charts were developed based on the concept of transpositional points whereby human acupuncture maps were adapted to animal anatomy. Transpositional acupuncture points have traditionally been placed in specific locations around the horse's coronet and distal limb believed to be the closest approximation to the human distal limb points. Because the horse has a single digit ...

Background: Stroke-induced impairments result from both primary and secondary causes, i.e. damage to the brain and the acquired non-use of the impaired limbs. Indeed, stroke patients often under-utilize their paretic limb despite sufficient residual motor function. We hypothesize that acquired non-use can be overcome by reinforcement-based training strategies. Methods: Hemiparetic stroke patien...

In many primate species, hands and feet are large relative to neonatal body weight, and they subsequently exhibit negative allometric growth during ontogeny. Here, data are presented showing that this pattern holds for a wild population of lemur, Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi). Using morphometric data collected on this population, it is shown that younger animals possess re...

we have produced a spectrum of limb defects in developing mouse embryos by exposing the mother to smoke from cigarettes with different nicotine concentrations, ethanol, and a combination of ethanol and cigarette smoke. the critical time of exposure was determined to be during day 10 of gestation (vaginal plug=day 0). this time is prior to the critical events which occur between the apical ectod...

Regional anesthesia results in shrinkage of the primary sensory cortex (S1) representation of the area and the perception that the area is larger than it is.1 Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) also involves shrinkage of S1 representation2 and, anecdotally, the perception of marked swelling when none is apparent. We posited that if a reduced S1 representation of the affected limb is ...

purpose: to report three cases of classic cranial syndromes with involvement of the third and sixth nerves with comparison of their clinical and radiological findings and results of treatment. case report: three patients were referred to labbafinejad strabismus clinic because of diplopia and eye deviation after an attack of eclampsia (one case) and head trauma (two cases). they had extraocular ...

purpose: microgravity causes major changes in various systems of the body in space, such as shift in cerebrospinal fluid, decreased red blood cells count, and electrolyte loss. these complications are very important in space and we should find new approaches to prevent the side effects of microgravity in astronauts. materials and methods: this experimental study was conducted on 21 adult male r...